Economic Analysis of Protectant and Disease-Forecast-Based Fungicide Spray Programs for Control of Apple Scab and Grape Black Rot in Ohio

Funt, R. C.; Ellis, M. A.; Madden, L. V.

doi:10.1094/pd-74-0638

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The 'during-infection' spray strategy has several important advantages compared with the preventive (before rainfall) spray strategy; these include (1) less washing effect, (2) greater treatment effectiveness, (3) avoidance of unnecessary treatments (Funt et al 1990;Holb et al 2003) and (4) in hot seasons, applying treatments during less sunny periods. However, there are potential problems with this strategy, such as spraying in windy weather being unsuitable for 'low-volume' spraying, delaying a spray during an extended rainy period and spray-timing within a few hours after the onset of the rain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have shown that early warning systems based on disease forecasting models that give timely information of apple scab infection periods have the potential to limit the use of fungicides (MacHardy 1996;Trapman and Polfliet 1997;Hindorf et al 2000). An after-infection programme can significantly reduce fungicide applications for scab control (Funt et al 1990;Holb et al 2003). However, organic growers have not widely adopted this new technology, including the afterinfection spray approach, probably because of the lack of (1) compounds with curative properties and (2) an accurate local warning system.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A during-infection spray strategy using sulphur compounds, copper, silicon and a new formulation of potassium bicarbonate for primary scab control in organic apple production

et al. 2008

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In a field experiment conducted over two growing seasons, the effectiveness and phytotoxicity of inorganic fungicides such as sulphur, lime sulphur, copper, silicon and Armicarb (a new formulation of potassium bicarbonate) was compared with water for the control of primary apple scab infections in Belgium on high, medium and low scab-susceptible cultivars (cvs 'Pinova', 'Pirouette' and 'Reinette des Capucins', respectively). In order to drastically reduce the amount of fungicide applied in the orchard, two approaches were used: (1) a strategy involving spraying during the infection process, before fungal penetration and (2) a tunnel sprayer machine for treatment applications. Under field conditions highly favourable for disease, low rates of elemental sulphur (31.8 and 38.6 kg ha −1 year −1 in 2005 and 2006, respectively) combined with low rates of copper (2.1 kg ha −1 year −1 in both years) provided the best scab control and reduced scab severity on the fruits of cv. 'Pinova' by 97 and 98% compared with water control in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Lime sulphur was much more effective than wettable sulphur and appeared to be efficient at temperatures below 10°C, but its effectiveness against apple scab decreased if the treatments were applied 12-24 h later than in the 'during-infection' spray strategy. Armicarb used alone significantly reduced apple scab severity on the leaves and fruits of the three cultivars compared with the water control. Its effectiveness was as good as wettable sulphur applied using the same timing and dosage. Silicon reduced apple scab on fruits very slightly, but not on leaves. The amounts of wettable sulphur, lime sulphur, copper, silicon and potassium bicarbonate used in this experiment to control apple scab were not phytotoxic, did not increase fruit russet, did increase the yield of each cultivar and did not affect summer density of the beneficial Typhlodromus pyri. The potential and limitations of 'during-infection' spraying as a protection strategy against apple scab in organic farming are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

A during-infection spray strategy using sulphur compounds, copper, silicon and a new formulation of potassium bicarbonate for primary scab control in organic apple production

et al. 2008

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“…Grape black rot, which is caused by the ascomycete Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) Viala and Ravaz [anamorph Phyllosticta ampelicida (Englem.) van der Aa] can substantially reduce yield and wine quality in grapegrowing areas with warm and moist conditions in spring and early summer (Scribner 1886, Ferrin and Ramsdell 1977, 1978, Ellis et al 1986, Ramsdell and Milholland 1988, Funt et al 1990, Harms et al 2005. Even though the anamorph was recommended as the unique name of the fungus (Hawksworth et al 2011), the name G. bidwellii is more commonly used by researchers and advisors (Rossi et al 2014, Weigle 2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Release ofGuignardia bidwelliiascospores and conidia from overwintered grape berry mummies in the vineyard

Onesti

González‐Domínguez

Manstretta

et al. 2017

Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research

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Background and Aims Black rot, caused by Guignardia bidwellii, is a polycyclic grape disease with repeated primary and secondary infections. In this work, the release of primary inoculum (both ascospores and conidia) from overwintered grape mummies was studied over a 3‐year period. Methods and Results A spore sampler was designed consisting of: (i) a funnel for collecting spores washed off from grape mummies by rain; and (ii) microscope slides for spores being airborne in the proximity of mummies. Ascospores and conidia were frequently found in the runoff water; Gompertz equations were developed describing their seasonal cumulative numbers as a function of degree‐days, with R2 ≥ 0.92. The number of both spore types in the runoff water significantly increased as the amount of rain and its duration and intensity increased; >1 and >3 mm of rain were the best cut‐off points for predicting the release of conidia and ascospores, respectively. No ascospores were found on the microscope slides, but conidia were found on rainy days, clustered in circular areas, probably due to droplets splashing from mummies to slides during rainfall. Conclusions This work provides new information on the inoculum dynamics of G. bidwellii in vineyards that can be used in refining disease prediction models for improved disease control. Significance of the Study New equations were developed to describe the dynamics of G. bidwellii spore release as a function of degree‐days, and 1 and 3 mm of rain have been proposed as cut‐off values to predict the release of conidia and ascospores, respectively. This information could be incorporated into the mathematical models supporting the decision‐making for disease control.

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“…Well‐timed post‐infection application programs turned out to be as efficient as a calendar based protective application regime but required four sprays less (Ellis et al ., ). Economic analyses over different seasons showed that post infection fungicide applications timed according to the microprocessor resulted in lower fungicide costs than pre‐infection sprays applied at regular intervals (Funt et al ., ).…”

Section: Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 97%

Epidemiology, identification and disease management of grape black rot and potentially useful metabolites of black rot pathogens for industrial applications – a review

Molitor

Beyer²

2014

Annals of Applied Biology

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Phyllosticta ampelicida (teleomorph: Guignardia bidwellii) is the fungal plant pathogen that causes black rot on grapevine. It is able to infect all green, expanding grape tissues. Black rot poses a threat to both yield and wine quality; a severe attack can virtually cause a complete crop loss. The fungus is native to North America, and was spread to Europe at the end of the 19th century. With the beginning of the 21st century, an increasing importance of the disease was observed in several European winegrowing regions. Successful black rot control strategies combine sanitary measures, cultural techniques, growing cultivars with reduced susceptibility and the use of effective fungicides. Berries are most susceptible to infections between flowering and bunch closure and consequently, fungicide applications against black rot need to focus on this period. In this paper, forecast models and decision support systems that help to achieve satisfactory control with a minimum of fungicide input are presented. Black rot in grapevine was reported to be well controlled in field experiments by a broad range of fungicide classes including quinone outside inhibitors (98 ± 3% efficacy), demethylation inhibitors (98 ± 3% efficacy) and dithiocarbamates (92 ± 7% efficacy). Average efficacies of other fungicide classes tested so far ranged from 32 to 69%; meta data on the efficacy of fungicides in numerous field trials are given. At present, black rot causes major problems primarily if vineyard management and fungicide use were reduced or abandoned. Organically managed vineyards are highly affected. Hence, site and cultivar selection as well as cultural measures are of the highest importance especially in organic viticulture. Recent studies showed that some strains formerly classified as G. bidwellii in fact belong to a distinct species (P. parthenocissi). Black rot pathogens produce some phytotoxic secondary metabolites, such as phenguignardic acid, guignardic acid, alaguignardic acid and the guignardianones A, E and F, which could stimulate the development of new herbicides of natural origin.

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Economic Analysis of Protectant and Disease-Forecast-Based Fungicide Spray Programs for Control of Apple Scab and Grape Black Rot in Ohio

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

A during-infection spray strategy using sulphur compounds, copper, silicon and a new formulation of potassium bicarbonate for primary scab control in organic apple production

A during-infection spray strategy using sulphur compounds, copper, silicon and a new formulation of potassium bicarbonate for primary scab control in organic apple production

Release ofGuignardia bidwelliiascospores and conidia from overwintered grape berry mummies in the vineyard

Epidemiology, identification and disease management of grape black rot and potentially useful metabolites of black rot pathogens for industrial applications – a review

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