Ecological validity of executive function tests in moderate traumatic brain injury in Ghana

Adjorlolo, Samuel

doi:10.1080/13854046.2016.1172667

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…But there is a dissenting view in the ndings of this study 61 . Socio-Cultural patterns might contribute to the noted discrepancy in endorsing self-reported cognitive di culties 62 . While recall bias might be a factor, in Oman and some other cultures from the East, what is known as introspective is generally not patterned in society 63 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Magnitude and Effect of Work-Life Imbalance on Cognition and Affective Range among the Non-Western Population: A Study from Muscat.

Al-Adawi¹,

Alameddine²,

Saadoon³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Work-life balance/imbalance has been increasingly recognized as being critically involved in poor adjustment in occupational settings. Little has been forthcoming on cognitive functioning among those with work-life imbalance. This study was to explore the rate of work-life imbalance, variation in neuropsychological functioning. The relationship between mood and work-life balance was also explored. The target population in this study are Omani nationals who were referred for psychometric evaluation. The study employs neuropsychology measures tapping into attention and concentration, learning and remembering, processing speed, and executive functioning. Subjective measures of cognitive decline and affective ranges were also explored. A total of 168 subjects (75.3% of the responders) were considered to be at a work-life imbalance. Multivariate analysis showed that demographic and neuropsychological variables were significant risk factors for work-life imbalance including age and the presence of anxiety disorder. Furthermore, participants indicating work-life imbalance were more likely to report cognitive decline on indices of attention and concentration and learning and remembering. This study reveals that individuals with work-life imbalance might dent the integrity of cognition including attention and concentration, learning and remembering, executive functioning, and endorsed caseness for anxiety.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Magnitude and Effect of Work-Life Imbalance on Cognition and Affective Range among the Non-Western Population: A Study from Muscat.

Al-Adawi¹,

Alameddine²,

Saadoon³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Typically, the ecological validity has been studied by correlating scores on self-reported scales with traditional parameters of laboratory tasks such as mean reaction time, reaction time variability, and/or a number of errors (Chaytor and Schmitter-Edgecombe 2003; Lamberts et al 2010). So far, the literature shows weak or no relation between daily life and laboratory measures of executive functions (Adjorlolo 2016), questioning the ecological validity of laboratory tests. In line with the literature, the present study addressed a rarely used laboratory measure in ecological validity studies, namely PES as a measure of task-related error monitoring, and PES showed only a weak association with planning, but not with other measures of executive functioning and real world behaviors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Error monitoring and daily life executive functioning

et al. 2019

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Error monitoring during task execution is reflected in post-error slowing (PES), which refers to the tendency to slow down performance after making an error in order to prevent future mistakes. The key question of the present study is whether poor error monitoring (reduced magnitude of PES) has negative consequences for daily life executive function skills, as well as functioning in different life settings such as work, family, social, and academic settings. Eighty-five university students performed a lexical decision task and completed The Executive Function Index Scale (EFI), and the Weiss Functional Impairments Rating Scale (WFIRS). Individual academic achievement was measured using the Grade Point Average. Statistical analysis revealed that a decreased magnitude of PES was weakly associated with less efficient planning (one of the executive functions). Results suggest that error monitoring, as measured by PES, was not associated with functioning in a naturalistic environment, but could be interpreted to some extent as an experimental marker of planning in daily life executive functioning.

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“…For detailed methodological descriptions, see Adjorlolo (2016). Briefly, a total of 50 (male = 35, female = 15) TBI patients was recruited from the outpatient clinics at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH; n = 30) and 37 Military Hospital ( n = 20) in Accra, the capital of Ghana.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data reported here were collected as part of a project investigating the ecological validity of EF tests in Ghana (see Adjorlolo, 2016). The data collection process complied with the guidelines and regulations of the University of Ghana Medical School Institutional Review Board.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the frequently administered EF tests are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail Making Test (TMT), Stroop Interference Task, Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), and the Porteus Maze (Adjorlolo & Egbenya, 2016; Rabin, Barr, & Burton, 2005). However, these tests have also been criticized for their little or poor predictive value of how a patient may perform on another test, as well as in complex real-world situation (the so-called ecological validity; Adjorlolo, 2016; Strauss, Sherman, & Spreen, 2006). Yet their popularity among neuropsychologists is partly as a result of their purported sensitivity to frontal lobe lesions (Lezak et al, 2012; Strauss et al, 2006), although studies have found that patients with frontal lesions perform within normal limit, while those with nonfrontal lesions perform as poorly as those with frontal lesions on these tests (Alvarez & Emory, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Diagnostic Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Specificity of Executive Function Tests in Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury in Ghana

Adjorlolo

2016

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The sociocultural differences between Western and sub-Saharan African countries make it imperative to standardize neuropsychological tests in the latter. However, Western-normed tests are frequently administered in sub-Saharan Africa because of challenges hampering standardization efforts. Yet a salient topical issue in the cross-cultural neuropsychology literature relates to the utility of Western-normed neuropsychological tests in minority groups, non-Caucasians, and by extension Ghanaians. Consequently, this study investigates the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of executive function (EF) tests (The Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, and Controlled Oral Word Association Test), and a Revised Quick Cognitive Screening Test (RQCST) in a sample of 50 patients diagnosed with moderate traumatic brain injury and 50 healthy controls in Ghana. The EF test scores showed good diagnostic accuracy, with area under the curve (AUC) values of the Trail Making Test scores ranging from .746 to .902. With respect to the Stroop Test scores, the AUC values ranged from .793 to .898, while Controlled Oral Word Association Test had AUC value of .787. The RQCST scores discriminated between the groups, with AUC values ranging from .674 to .912. The AUC values of composite EF score and a neuropsychological score created from EF and RQCST scores were .936 and. 942, respectively. Additionally, the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, EF composite score, and RQCST scores showed good to excellent sensitivities and specificities. In general, this study has shown that commonly used EF tests in Western countries have diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity when administered in Ghanaian samples. The findings and implications of the study are discussed.

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Ecological validity of executive function tests in moderate traumatic brain injury in Ghana

Cited by 20 publications

References 58 publications

The Magnitude and Effect of Work-Life Imbalance on Cognition and Affective Range among the Non-Western Population: A Study from Muscat.

The Magnitude and Effect of Work-Life Imbalance on Cognition and Affective Range among the Non-Western Population: A Study from Muscat.

Error monitoring and daily life executive functioning

Diagnostic Accuracy, Sensitivity, and Specificity of Executive Function Tests in Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury in Ghana

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