Eco‐Friendly Electronics—A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

these two phenomena and it is now understood that EEE are both part of the environmental cure and the environmental disease: while the increasing production and disposal of EEE have harmful consequences to the planet, [1] the use of EEE can assist in saving energy and natural resources. The research concerning ecofriendly electronics increased greatly in recent decades due to environmental legislations becoming increasingly rigorous and because of the increase in eco-friendly sought devices, which required business models to adapt in order to participate in this new market share. The concepts of eco-friendly electronics or green electronics comprehends several dimensions of this electronic-environment relationship and has been used loosely for a myriad of initiatives. Hu and Ismail [2] explain that the concept may be used to refer to the i) manufacturing process, through the employment of environmentally friendly processes and the avoidance of hazardous components or chemicals; ii) waste generation (avoidance), via reducing the e-waste impacts through the use of cleaner materials, longer product life, introducing programs to raise awareness and promote reuse/recycling; iii) use of sustainable practice (green computing), through the responsible use of computer resources, for example, by powering down and up devices according to need, reducing energy consumption during inactivity; iv) design, through the development of more efficient components that required less energy to perform, reduce carbon emissions, produce less heat, etc. Yet eco-friendly electronics can also refer to electronics whose purpose is to assist the environment or that do so as a consequence of its main function. Both these groups may be understood as an overlap between the aforementioned categories, and are equipment that optimize energy usage, minimize carbon footprint, detect pollutant concentration, monitor oil spillage, generate renewable energy, etc. There are many and diverse examples of these, such as power electronics, smart grids, and photovoltaic systems. [3] This review is intended to discuss these interactions, define important concepts, and provide an extensive list of ways in which EEE can be eco-friendly, primarily focusing on information and communication technology (ICT) devices, but also addressing items that fall outside of this category such as washing machines and lighting equipment. Initially, the use of electronics in aiding with energy and pollution related Eco-friendliness is becoming an indispensable feature for electrical and electronic equipment to thrive in the competitive market. This comprehensive review is the first to define eco-friendly electronics in its multiple meanings: power saving devices, end-of-life impact attenuators, equipment whose manufacturing uses green processing, electronics that use materials that minimize environmental and health risks, designs that improve lifespan, reparability, etc. More specifically, this review discusses eco-friendly technologies and materials that are being introduced to ...

Sustainable Macromolecular Materials in Flexible Electronics

“…At this point, the field of application is directed to the use of flexible and environmentally friendly materials, and for all these reasons, studies continue to keep nature and the planet alive. [11] The concept of flexible electronics has been widely elaborated due to the need for devices that can be adapted to different surfaces and geometries. Signal detection, processing, decision making, and data storage are not done using rigid structures in biosystems.…”

“…At this point, the field of application is directed to the use of flexible and environmentally friendly materials, and for all these reasons, studies continue to keep nature and the planet alive. [ 11 ]…”

“…Fabrication processes and waste materials from the electronics industry make up an increasing share of the carbon footprint, so the use of environmentally friendly, recyclable, and sustainable materials, from printed circuit boards to electrical circuit elements, has the potential to revolutionize the electronics industry. [11][12][13][14][15] The concept of sustainability is an issue that should be emphasized not only in terms of the environment, science, and engineering, but also in terms of economic development. From chips to home appliances, from cryptocurrency mining to wearable sensors, production processes that do not require complicated equipment and involve low-cost, easily obtainable materials are essential for better use of resources in the future.…”

Bipolar Modulation of the Ionic Circuit for Generic Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistor Logic and Sensor

“…Organic electrochemical transistors (OECT), based on volumetric charging of an organic semiconductor channel and corresponding modulation of its bulk conductivity, enable the transduction of minute gate voltage (V g ) signals into large changes in the channel current (I d ). Their inherent amplification property, good stability, and biocompatibility have made OECT increasingly important as bioelectronic devices [1][2][3][4][5][6] that are capable of transducing electrophysiological, [7,8] pharmacological, [9] and biochemical [10][11][12] signals. In addition, the high transconductance and on/off ratios [13] at low voltage further as a resistor.…”

Utilization of By-Products from Livestock: Study on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Biodegradable Containers Made with Pork Skin Gelatin Polymer

“…According to the research results of Yang and Park [ 9 ], collectivism, ecology, and health affect the consumption value of food, and ethical consumerism and food safety act as major variables. It is important that eco-friendly containers do not affect the preservation of food, but factors such as durability, low toxicity, recyclability, and biodegradation also play an important role [ 10 ]. In light of this consumer psychology, patents are being developed and studies on product development using plant by-products are being conducted in Korea [ 11 , 12 ].…”