Echocardiographic functions and blood pressure levels in children and young adults from a biracial population: The bogalusa heart study

Soto, L; Kikuchi, David A.; Arcilla, René A.; Savage, Daniel D.; Berenson, Gerald S.

doi:10.1097/00000441-198905000-00001

Cited by 47 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…These findings corroborated a number of other studies that have found these patterns of ethnicity and gender differences, which have been noted to first occur in late childhood. 12,14 There was no association between carrier status and resting hemodynamic measures nor any interactions involving carrier status. This finding is contrary to that of Tiret et al, 9 who observed that individuals with the T allele who were overweight had higher resting BP.…”

Section: Treiber Et Al Et-1 Gene and Bp Reactivity 497mentioning

confidence: 80%

“…7 Studies involving normotensive youth and young adults found that black Americans compared with white Americans often have higher levels of BP at rest and greater BP increases in response to a variety of physical and psychological stressors. [12][13][14][15] These ethnicity differences in BP were often due to higher levels and/or greater increases in total peripheral resistance (TPR) in the black Americans. Importantly, we recently found that black Americans compared with white Americans have higher basal levels and greater release of plasma ET-1 in response to acute behavioral stressors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endothelin-1 Gene LYS198ASN Polymorphism and Blood Pressure Reactivity

Treiber

Barbeau

Harshfield³

et al. 2003

Hypertension

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Abstract-The Lys198Asn polymorphism of the endothelin-1 gene has been associated with increased blood pressure levels in several studies involving European and Australian adults. The purpose of the present study was to examine the potential moderating influence of ethnicity, obesity, and socioeconomic status on associations between the ET-1/ Lys198Asn polymorphism and hemodynamic function at rest and during two laboratory stressors (video game, forehead cold) in a sample of 161 black and 213 white American normotensive young adults (mean age, 18.5Ϯ2.7 years). Carrier status of the T allele was not associated with resting blood pressure or total peripheral resistance index. However, carriers of the T allele showed greater diastolic blood pressure increases to the video game (PϽ0.04), particularly among those who were obese (PϽ0.02). Carrier status also interacted with socioeconomic status such that T allele carriers who came from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds exhibited the greatest increases in systolic blood pressure to the video game challenge (PϽ0.05). In conclusion, the findings point out the importance of examining the impact of genetic polymorphisms on blood pressure control phenotypes within the context of potentiating environmental factors. Key Words: endothelin Ⅲ genetics Ⅲ blood pressure Ⅲ socioeconomic factors Ⅲ obesity E ndothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. 1 It has been implicated in the development of essential hypertension (EH) because of its vasoconstrictive and hypertrophic actions on vascular function. 2,3 Recent evidence suggests that the role of behavioral stress is pivotal in mediating the adverse effects of ET-1 on vascular function. A 3-minute reaction time task was shown to induce prolonged endothelial dysfunction, which was prevented by a selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist. 4 Light 5 proposed a gene-by-environment interaction model of stress reactivity for EH development. The model is based on animal studies that found frequent stress exposure resulting in periods of elevated blood pressure (BP) eventuates in EH only in conjunction with a genetic predisposition or with additional potentiating environmental factors. 6 Thus, similar to animal model studies, individuals exposed to frequent environmental stress, such as those from lower socioeconomic status (SES) or black Americans, 7,8 who also have a genetic susceptibility for EH (eg, family history of EH, EH candidate gene polymorphisms) or are exposed to other potentiating factors (eg, high salt/fat diet) will be most likely to show the greatest BP reactivity to stress and to eventually have EH.The ET-1 gene is localized on chromosome 6, spans 5.5 kb, and contains 5 exons and 4 introns. It has been identified as a candidate gene for cardiovascular disease, including EH. A G-to-T transversion predicting a lysine-asparagine change at amino acid 198 (Lys198Asn) has been associated with increased resting BP levels in several cohorts of middle-aged adu...

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Section: Treiber Et Al Et-1 Gene and Bp Reactivity 497mentioning

confidence: 80%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelin-1 Gene LYS198ASN Polymorphism and Blood Pressure Reactivity

Treiber

Barbeau

Harshfield³

et al. 2003

Hypertension

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These findings corroborate those of other studies involving normotensive adolescents and young adults. 14,27 Males had significantly higher systolic BP and lower diastolic BP and TPR than females. The lack of ethnic or sex differences in plasma levels of NOx suggests that other neurohormonal vasoactive factors may have been contributing to the resting hemodynamic differences (eg, endothelin, norepinephrine, angiotensin II, insulin, etc).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of NOS3 Glu298Asp Polymorphism on Hemodynamic Reactivity to Stress: Influences of Ethnicity and Obesity

et al. 2004

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Abstract-Studies on the associations between the nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3) Glu298Asp polymorphism and hypertension status or blood pressure (BP) levels have had inconsistent results. Potential moderating influences of ethnicity, sex, and obesity on the effects of the NOS3 polymorphism have not been examined. We evaluated the influence of these factors on associations between the NOS3 polymorphism, nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), and hemodynamics at rest and during stress. Subjects were 235 African American (AA) and 262 European American (EA) young adults (18.5Ϯ2.6 years). Hemodynamic measurements and blood samples for NOx assays were taken before and after a competitive video game challenge. Glu298Asp polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reactionrestriction enzyme digestion assay. A regression model was built using genotypes, ethnicity, sex, and obesity (body mass index Ͼ85th percentile) and their interactions controlling for age; 20.1% of AAs and 49.8% of EAs were carriers of the Asp allele. AAs, regardless of obesity status, exhibited high diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reactivity unless they were nonobese and noncarriers of the Asp allele. EAs exhibited lower DBP reactivity unless they were obese Asp allele carriers. AA nonobese carriers exhibited the greatest total peripheral resistance reactivity. Obese Asp allele carriers exhibited the greatest increases in cardiac output and the greatest decrease in NOx to the stressor. Results indicate the importance of examining impact of BP control-related genetic polymorphisms within the context of moderating factors such as adiposity and ethnicity.

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“…Moreover, echocardiography studies in adolescents and children also demonstrate that cardiac output and stroke volume are higher in those with persistently elevated sBp, [46][47][48] although data from the Bogalusa Heart study suggest that racial differences in hemodynamic mechanisms may be present from a young age and that elevated peripheral vascular resistance rather than cardiac output may be more prevalent in black subjects. 49 Cardiac output is also elevated in overweight or obese subjects, and weight gain in childhood is associated with both an increase in stroke volume and sBp. 50 However, more recently, we have shown that in overweight individuals, cardiac output is elevated irrespective of the level of Bp, and it is actually the level of peripheral vascular resistance that distinguishes between individuals with elevated versus normal brachial sBp 51 ( Figure 2).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Ish In Young Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Además, estudios ecocardiográficos efectuados en adolescentes y niños también demuestran que el gasto cardíaco y el volumen sistólico son más elevados en aquellos con PAS elevada persistente; [46][47][48] sin embargo, los datos del Bogalusa Heart Study sugieren que las diferencias raciales en los mecanismos hemodinámicos pueden estar presente desde temprana edad, y que la resistencia vascular periférica elevada más que el gasto cardíaco puede ser más prevalente en sujetos de raza negra. 49 El gasto cardíaco también es elevado en sujetos con sobrepeso u obesidad, y el aumento de peso en la niñez se relaciona con el aumento del volumen sistólico y de la PAS. 50 No obstante, más recientemente, hemos demostrado que en individuos con sobrepeso, el gasto cardíaco es elevado independientemente del nivel de PA, y en realidad es el nivel de resistencia vascular periférica que distingue entre personas con PAS braquial elevada y aquellas con PAS braquial normal 51 (Figura 2).…”

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