Dyskinesia and Neuroleptics

Persistent tardive dyskinesia: demographic and pharmacological risk factors

“…Differences in methodological approaches across studies have further reduced the possibility of comparing data. Studies conducted in Turkey (53), India (54) and Hungary (56) have reported a low prevalence of TD, which may be related to a conservative use of neu-roleptics. On the other hand, studies conducted in the United States, where high doses of neuroleptic drugs are more frequently used (56,57), show a rather elevated prevalence of TD (58)(59)(60).…”

The relationship of pineal calcification and melatonin secretion to the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia and tourette's syndrome

“……”

Modulation of mouse brain dopamine, serotonin and metabolites by methionine: Implications for schizophrenia and genetics

“…The observed reduction of CS7BL/6 mouse cerebellum DOPAC and cerebral cortex HVA without changes in the precursor DA levels suggests decreases in DA turnover in these brain areas. Conversely, increased DA turnover (Carlsson, 1987) often induces extrapyramidal side-effects both in experimental animals (Deneau and Crane, 1969;Paulson, 1972;Messiha, 1974) and in the susceptible schizophrenics as well as in other psychiatric patients (Sigwald et al, 1959;Ayd, 1961;Crane, 1968). Thus it appears that changes in DA turnover have been consistently linked to adverse reaction in the schizophrenic subject.…”