I. INTRODUCTIONPower Quality Problem is the major issue in Industrial and Commercial Section as they can affect large the distribution number of sensitive end users. Studies indicate that Voltage sags, Transients and Momentary interruptions constitute 92% of all the Power Quality problems occurring in power systems [1]. Among the power quality problems, the supply voltage problems are considered most critical and significant, especially voltage quality problems of the point of common coupling. The rapid increase of voltage sensitive load equipment has made industrial processes much more criticism to degradation in the quality of the power supply [2].the voltage generated by power stations has sinusoidal waveform with a constant frequency. Any disturbances to voltage waveform can result in problems related with the operation of electrical and electronic devices. Users need constant sine wave shape, constant frequency and symmetrical voltage with a constant rms value to continue the production. This increasing interest to improve overall efficiency and remove variations in the industry have resulted more complex instruments that are sensitive to voltage disturbances [3]. In fact, voltage sags have always been a huge threat to the industry, and even 0.25 s voltage sag is long enough to interrupt a manufacturing process resulting enormous financial losses[4], [5]. Voltage sags are generally classified according to its depth and duration of time. Sag can be drop between 10% and 90% of the rated RMS voltage. It has the duration time of 0.5 cycles to 1 min [6]. According to the data presented in [7], majority of the sags with long duration time obviously cannot be ignored as they are more intolerable than shallow and short duration sags to the sensitive electrical consumers.
II. VOLTAGE SAGSVoltage sags which can cause equipment impacts are caused by faults on the power system.Motor starting also results in voltage sags but the magnitudes are usually not severe enough to cause equipment miss operation.A single line to ground fault condition results in a much less severe voltage sag than 3-phase fault Condition due to a delta--star transformer connection at the plant. Transmission related voltage sags are normally much more consistent than those related to distribution [12]. Because of large amounts of energy associated with transmission faults, they are cleared as soon as possible. This normally corresponds to 3-6 cycles, which is the total time for fault detection and breaker operation Normally customers do not experience an interruption for transmission fault. Transmission systems are looped or networked, as distinct from radial distribution systems. Most of the voltages were 10-30% below nominal voltage, and no momentary interrupts were measured at the plant during the monitoring period (about a year).
A. Voltage-Sag Analysis-MethodologyThe methodology is outlined in chapter 9 (proposed) of IEEE Gold book (IEEE standard 493, Recommended practice for the design of reliable industrial and commercial power system) The ...