Drug-Related Problems in Coronary Artery Diseases

Abstract

Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of mortality among cardiovascular diseases, responsible for 16% of the world’s total deaths. According to a statistical report published in 2020, the global prevalence of CAD was estimated at 1655 per 100,000 people and is predicted to exceed 1845 by 2030. Annually, in the United States, CAD accounts for approximately 610,000 deaths and costs more than 200 billion dollars for healthcare services. Most patients with CAD need to be treated over long periods with a combination of drugs. Therefore, the inappropriate use of drugs, or drug-related problems (DRPs), can lead to many consequences that affect these patients’ health, including decreased quality of life, increased hospitalization rates, prolonged hospital stays, increased overall health care costs, and even increased risk of morbidity and mortality. DRPs are common in CAD patients, with a prevalence of over 60%. DRPs must therefore be noticed and recognized by healthcare professionals. This chapter describes common types and determinants of DRPs in CAD patients and recommends interventions to limit their prevalence.

Graphene‐Based Heterostructure Composite Sensing Materials for Detection of Nitrogen‐Containing Harmful Gases

“…seemed to play an important role in accelerating response/recovery process of gas sensors of graphene-based heterostructure composite sensing materials as well as improving gas response. [95,[106][107][108][109][110] Cui et al reported that the rGO modified with Ag nanoparticles showed higher response to NH 3 with faster response/recovery speed(response/ recovery time:6 s/10 s) than that of pristine rGO based sensor (Figure 5a). [95] The response/recovery time was defined as the time needed for a sensor to change/recover more than 63.2% of the maximum sensitivity.…”

“…[26] It was known that [95] Copyright 2013, The Authors, Published by Royal Society of Chemistry. rGO/Ag [106] Nanowires NH 3 RT 0.1% in Ar (R g −R 0 )/R 0 = 28% 200/60 rGO/Ag [95] Flake NH 3 RT 2500 (R g −R 0 )/R 0 = 7.7% 6/10 (>63.2% response) rGO/Ag [107] rGO as over-coating layer on Ag NPs and Ag NWs NH…”

A phase conversion method to anchor ZIF-8 onto a PAN nanofiber surface for CO2 capture

“…Similar chemical shift of the C2 peak in ZIF-8 has been observed when organic molecules, such as caffeine, were encapsulated in the pores of ZIF-8 to form van der Waals bonds. 28 However, more detailed analysis supported by DFT calculations 29 would be required to further proof electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding between the ZIF-8 and C–N groups of the PAN nanofiber (as visualized by the chemical formulas in Fig. 5 ).…”

Investigation of Topological and Catalytic Properties of Gold Iodide Monolayer: A Density Functional Theory Study

“…[46][47][48] Similarly, investigations by Tran et.al., has established Au nanoparticles as a catalyst for HER. [49] It is observed that the catalytic activity depends on the surface area projected by the nanoparticles which provides the best alternatives for Pt-free catalysis. Besides, Au catalysts also show good activity for water-gas shift reaction at low temperatures as compared to Pt catalysts.…”