Drug eluting antimicrobial vascular catheters: Progress and promise

A functionalized surface modification with vanadium nanoparticles of various valences against implant-associated bloodstream infection

“…[1][2][3] Currently, an increasing number of implant-related BSIs not only present high mortality and disability rates but also bring heavy financial burden to families and societies, despite the rapid development of antimicrobial agents, adjunctive therapies, and life-support facilities. 4,5 Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens causing BSIs, 3,6 and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is of great danger especially, since it can invalidate the therapeutic use of most β-lactam antibiotics of first choice against staphylococci. 7 Also, in many hospitals Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become an epidemic BSI-associated Gram-negative bacteria, leading to significant patient mortality and health care costs.…”

“…53 The major transporter for both vanadate anions (H 2 VO 4 -) and vanadyl cations (VO 2+ ) is transferrin. In addition, H 2 VO 4 -is easily soluble and also exists as a free anion in blood (ie, unbound to transferrin). 54 From the bloodstream, vanadium will be distributed to body tissues and bones.…”

Minimising Blood Stream Infection: Developing New Materials for Intravascular Catheters

“…In general, PU is prepared from the reaction of hydroxyl and isocyanate groups to yield the carbamate linkage (the urethane) and, with a large array of commercially available polyols and polyisocyanates bearing a range of chemical functionalities from which to choose [89,90], it is of little surprise that the properties of the polymer can be tuned to particular applications. The polymer properties can be critical in influencing the processability of the material and its resulting mechanical performance and biocompatibility [88,[91][92][93]. Critically, the ability to alter the chemical functionality allows for modifications to the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the surface and, through the presence of reactive chemical side chains, provides the ability to further tailor the catheter interface with antimicrobial/antifouling features [88,[93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101].…”

Comparative Efficacies of Antimicrobial Catheter Lock Solutions for Fungal Biofilm Eradication in an in Vitro Model of Catheter-Related Fungemia

“…Nevertheless, most of the luminal surfaces remain unprotected. Antimicrobial catheter coatings have also been introduced, but antibiotic coatings which have been notably successful in reducing the incidence of CLABSIs have had limited effectiveness against Candida species [ 15 ]. Antiseptic coatings based on silver and chlorhexidine have very limited antimicrobial durability, and therefore have largely failed to significantly reduce the incidence of CLABSIs in well-controlled clinical trials [ 15 ].…”

“…Antimicrobial catheter coatings have also been introduced, but antibiotic coatings which have been notably successful in reducing the incidence of CLABSIs have had limited effectiveness against Candida species [ 15 ]. Antiseptic coatings based on silver and chlorhexidine have very limited antimicrobial durability, and therefore have largely failed to significantly reduce the incidence of CLABSIs in well-controlled clinical trials [ 15 ]. Hence, as uses and indwell durations of central lines continue to increase, there remains a significant unmet need for more potent and more durable protection of catheter lumens against microbial colonization, including Candida species colonization that is a prelude to central line-associated candidemia.…”