Drug dependence as a criterion for differentiation of psychotropic drugs

Antipsychotic Withdrawal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Three out of the five eligible studies (studies by Degkwitz et al ( 25 ), Lacoursiere et al ( 8 ), and Melnyk et al ( 26 ); Table 1 ) in the quantitative analysis had implemented a double-blinded design, setting the participants to placebo (i.e., target group) or to continuation of antipsychotic treatment (i.e., control group). The other two out of the five eligible studies in the quantitative analysis (i.e., studies by Battegay ( 23 )). and Brooks ( 24 ); Table 1 ) were cohort studies setting the participants to placebo (i.e., target group) and no control group that continued the antipsychotic.…”

“…In addition, Lacoursiere et al described “isolated reports of numbness, nightmares, rhinorrhea, and bad taste”. Battegay ( 23 ) reported a significantly higher rates of withdrawal symptoms in women and the age group above 50 years after discontinuation of different antipsychotics ( 23 ).…”

“…The studies in our review ( 8 , 23 – 26 ) reported that most withdrawal symptoms started within 4 weeks after abrupt antipsychotic discontinuation and subsided after up to 4 weeks even though certain symptoms such as hyperkinesia may last for months ( 23 ).…”

“…The proportion of individuals with withdrawal symptoms in the target groups showed a high variability, presumably because of the heterogeneity of study designs and in particular the use of different antipsychotics as monotherapy or as combination therapy. The studies by Battegay ( 23 ) and Brooks ( 24 ) included no placebo arm with continued antipsychotic treatment and were excluded in the sensitivity analysis. All cohorts with discontinuation of other medication than antipsychotics were also excluded from the sensitivity analysis.…”

“…Only few data regarding risk factors for the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms have been reported ( 4 ). Battegay observed that the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of different antipsychotics was significantly higher in women and the age group above 50 years ( 23 ). Degkwitz et al also reported a higher rate of withdrawal symptoms in women ( 30 ) and Azermai et al detected a high rate of individuals with withdrawal symptoms (72%) in a geriatric population ( 31 ).…”

Antipsychotic Withdrawal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Three out of the five eligible studies (studies by Degkwitz et al ( 25 ), Lacoursiere et al ( 8 ), and Melnyk et al ( 26 ); Table 1 ) in the quantitative analysis had implemented a double-blinded design, setting the participants to placebo (i.e., target group) or to continuation of antipsychotic treatment (i.e., control group). The other two out of the five eligible studies in the quantitative analysis (i.e., studies by Battegay ( 23 )). and Brooks ( 24 ); Table 1 ) were cohort studies setting the participants to placebo (i.e., target group) and no control group that continued the antipsychotic.…”

“…In addition, Lacoursiere et al described “isolated reports of numbness, nightmares, rhinorrhea, and bad taste”. Battegay ( 23 ) reported a significantly higher rates of withdrawal symptoms in women and the age group above 50 years after discontinuation of different antipsychotics ( 23 ).…”

“…The studies in our review ( 8 , 23 – 26 ) reported that most withdrawal symptoms started within 4 weeks after abrupt antipsychotic discontinuation and subsided after up to 4 weeks even though certain symptoms such as hyperkinesia may last for months ( 23 ).…”

“…The proportion of individuals with withdrawal symptoms in the target groups showed a high variability, presumably because of the heterogeneity of study designs and in particular the use of different antipsychotics as monotherapy or as combination therapy. The studies by Battegay ( 23 ) and Brooks ( 24 ) included no placebo arm with continued antipsychotic treatment and were excluded in the sensitivity analysis. All cohorts with discontinuation of other medication than antipsychotics were also excluded from the sensitivity analysis.…”

“…Only few data regarding risk factors for the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms have been reported ( 4 ). Battegay observed that the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of different antipsychotics was significantly higher in women and the age group above 50 years ( 23 ). Degkwitz et al also reported a higher rate of withdrawal symptoms in women ( 30 ) and Azermai et al detected a high rate of individuals with withdrawal symptoms (72%) in a geriatric population ( 31 ).…”

Antipsychotic Withdrawal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Three out of the five eligible studies (studies by Degkwitz et al ( 25 ), Lacoursiere et al ( 8 ), and Melnyk et al ( 26 ); Table 1 ) in the quantitative analysis had implemented a double-blinded design, setting the participants to placebo (i.e., target group) or to continuation of antipsychotic treatment (i.e., control group). The other two out of the five eligible studies in the quantitative analysis (i.e., studies by Battegay ( 23 )). and Brooks ( 24 ); Table 1 ) were cohort studies setting the participants to placebo (i.e., target group) and no control group that continued the antipsychotic.…”

“…In addition, Lacoursiere et al described “isolated reports of numbness, nightmares, rhinorrhea, and bad taste”. Battegay ( 23 ) reported a significantly higher rates of withdrawal symptoms in women and the age group above 50 years after discontinuation of different antipsychotics ( 23 ).…”

“…The studies in our review ( 8 , 23 – 26 ) reported that most withdrawal symptoms started within 4 weeks after abrupt antipsychotic discontinuation and subsided after up to 4 weeks even though certain symptoms such as hyperkinesia may last for months ( 23 ).…”

“…The proportion of individuals with withdrawal symptoms in the target groups showed a high variability, presumably because of the heterogeneity of study designs and in particular the use of different antipsychotics as monotherapy or as combination therapy. The studies by Battegay ( 23 ) and Brooks ( 24 ) included no placebo arm with continued antipsychotic treatment and were excluded in the sensitivity analysis. All cohorts with discontinuation of other medication than antipsychotics were also excluded from the sensitivity analysis.…”

“…Only few data regarding risk factors for the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms have been reported ( 4 ). Battegay observed that the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of different antipsychotics was significantly higher in women and the age group above 50 years ( 23 ). Degkwitz et al also reported a higher rate of withdrawal symptoms in women ( 30 ) and Azermai et al detected a high rate of individuals with withdrawal symptoms (72%) in a geriatric population ( 31 ).…”

Antipsychotic Withdrawal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Three out of the five eligible studies (studies by Degkwitz et al ( 25 ), Lacoursiere et al ( 8 ), and Melnyk et al ( 26 ); Table 1 ) in the quantitative analysis had implemented a double-blinded design, setting the participants to placebo (i.e., target group) or to continuation of antipsychotic treatment (i.e., control group). The other two out of the five eligible studies in the quantitative analysis (i.e., studies by Battegay ( 23 )). and Brooks ( 24 ); Table 1 ) were cohort studies setting the participants to placebo (i.e., target group) and no control group that continued the antipsychotic.…”

“…In addition, Lacoursiere et al described “isolated reports of numbness, nightmares, rhinorrhea, and bad taste”. Battegay ( 23 ) reported a significantly higher rates of withdrawal symptoms in women and the age group above 50 years after discontinuation of different antipsychotics ( 23 ).…”

“…The studies in our review ( 8 , 23 – 26 ) reported that most withdrawal symptoms started within 4 weeks after abrupt antipsychotic discontinuation and subsided after up to 4 weeks even though certain symptoms such as hyperkinesia may last for months ( 23 ).…”

“…The proportion of individuals with withdrawal symptoms in the target groups showed a high variability, presumably because of the heterogeneity of study designs and in particular the use of different antipsychotics as monotherapy or as combination therapy. The studies by Battegay ( 23 ) and Brooks ( 24 ) included no placebo arm with continued antipsychotic treatment and were excluded in the sensitivity analysis. All cohorts with discontinuation of other medication than antipsychotics were also excluded from the sensitivity analysis.…”

“…Only few data regarding risk factors for the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms have been reported ( 4 ). Battegay observed that the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of different antipsychotics was significantly higher in women and the age group above 50 years ( 23 ). Degkwitz et al also reported a higher rate of withdrawal symptoms in women ( 30 ) and Azermai et al detected a high rate of individuals with withdrawal symptoms (72%) in a geriatric population ( 31 ).…”