Drinking water and sanitation conditions are associated with the risk of malaria among children under five years old in sub-Saharan Africa: A logistic regression model analysis of national survey data

Yang, Dan; Yang, He; Wu, Bo; Deng, Yan; Li, Menglin; Yang, Qian; Huang, Li‐Ting; Cao, Yaming; Liu, Yang

doi:10.1016/j.jare.2019.09.001

Cited by 62 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…These findings so squar aligns with those of Enebeli et al [28] in Abia state south eastern Nigeria. The findings also concurs with the work of Yang et al [13] who in what, to date, could be considered as the most comprehensive study on the association between WASH conditions and malaria prevalence across the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), clearly demonstrated that drinking water and sanitation is a risk factor for malaria infection. households have access to portable source of drinking water which proportion is lower than the national (66%) even though slightly higher than the state (43%) figures as reported in a national…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…These findings so squarely aligns with those of Enebeli et al [28] in Abia state south eastern Nigeria. The findings also concurs with the work of Yang et al [13] who in what, to date, could be considered as the most comprehensive study on the association H conditions and malaria Saharan Africa (SSA), clearly demonstrated that drinking water and sanitation is a risk factor for malaria Total, 100…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The world health organization (WHO) and UNICEF reports that though 5.2 billion (71%) people worldwide use safely managed drinking water service (one located on premises, available when needed and free from contamination), there is still about 159 million people who get their drinking water directly from surface water sources, 58% of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa [12]. In a multi-country study of Sub-Saharan Africa, Yang et al [13] observed increased malaria risks among unprotected water and no facility users and also noted that the odds of malaria infection were 48% and 49% less among piped water and flush-toilet users, respectively. In another metahousing improvements and malaria risk in Sub Saharan Africa, Tusting et al [14] showed that malaria prevalence was higher among child living in traditional houses than those living in modern houses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Implications of Some Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Practices on Malaria Prevalence among Primary School Children in Gombe State, Nigeria

Danjin

Adewoye

Sawyerr

2020

AJRID

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Background: The sanitary state of the environment and general hygiene has long been known to play a critical role in the cause and spread of infectious diseases, be it directly or indirectly. Objective: This study was aimed at exploring the implications of some WASH practices on the prevalence of malaria infection among school children in Gombe State, Nigeria. Methodology: A cross sectional survey design was employed to study 745 school children (aged 6 to 15 years) who were selected using a multi-stage sampling technique from 12 public and 6 private schools in six Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the State. Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) was used to screen the children for malaria. Descriptive statistics were generated to summarize research findings while chi square statistics was used to compare proportions at 0.05 significance levels. Risks were estimated using odd ratio (OR). Results: The mean age of the pupils was 9.96±2.26 years and slightly more than half (50.9%) of them were males while the rest (49.1%) were females. Out of the 745 subjects only 101 (13.6%) tested positive for malaria. And even though, 86.4% of them indicated availability of toilets in their residences, not all (98.6%) of them used the toilets. Slightly more than half (51.5%) of the participants dwell in houses without proper drainage while 46.7% reside in mud houses. Children from households without toilets had more than five times odds of having malaria (OR=5.230; 95% CI= 3.236-8.453, P=0.000). Furthermore, children from households that were sourcing their drinking water from streams, rivers and wells suffered more from malaria than those using portable/pipe borne water (OR=0.230, CI= 0.131-0.405, p=0.000). While children who dwelt in cement houses had less odds of malaria infection (OR=0.270, 95% CI=0.169-0.431, P=0.000), those who dwelt in houses without drainages had more than twice odds of malaria infection (OR=2.642, 95% CI= 1.671- 4.176). Again, proper waste disposal was associated with lower odds of malaria infection. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggests the existence of association between selected WASH practices and malaria prevalence among the school children. This should inform an integrated WASH and malaria advocacy as well as high level engagement with concerned authorities and communities.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Implications of Some Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Practices on Malaria Prevalence among Primary School Children in Gombe State, Nigeria

Danjin

Adewoye

Sawyerr

2020

AJRID

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“…Good hygiene can be universally considered to be one of the simplest and most effective measures to prevent disease transmission [ 77 ]. The current Covid 19 pandemic has changed the sanitary habits of the population, which may have adverse effects on surfaces highly exposed to disinfectants such as chlorine, for example.…”

Section: Impact Of Ecosystems By the Use Of Chlorinementioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations on water quality and the use of chlorine in times of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in the community

García-Ávila

Valdiviezo-Gonzáles

Cadme-Galabay

et al. 2020

Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering

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This review goal is to reflect on the challenges and prospects for water quality in the face of the pandemic caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19). Based on the information available so far, the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater has raised interest in using it as an early warning method, to detect the resurgence of infections and to report the risk associated with contracting SARS-CoV-2 in contact with untreated water or inadequately treated wastewater is discharged. The wastewater-based epidemiological approach can be used as an early indicator of infection within a specific population. On the other hand, it is necessary to collect information from the managers of drinking water supply companies and professionals who are related to water quality, to know SARS-CoV-2 data and information, and its influence on drinking water quality. The basic purpose of this review article is to try to provide a valuable and quick reference guide to COVID-19. Important topics were discussed, such as detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in various parts of the world; wastewater screening to monitor COVID-19; persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in aquatic systems; the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in drinking water; clean water as a mechanism to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic; chlorine as a disinfectant to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 and damage to ecosystems by the use of chlorine. Currently does not exist extensive literature on the effectiveness of water and wastewater treatment processes that ensure the correct elimination of SARS-CoV-2. Excessive use of disinfectants such as chlorine is causing effects on the environment. This document highlights the need for further research to establish the behavior of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in aquatic systems. This study presents an early overview of the observed and potential impacts of COVID-19 on the environment.

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“…The ingestion of contaminated water, which is most often caused by poor sanitation and hygiene often results in various waterborne diseases ( Adelodun et al, 2020b ; Pooi and Ng, 2018 ; Nasser, 1994 ). Yang et al (2020) found an association between drinking water and poor sanitation and the risk of disease infections among children (under five years of age) with the poor socioeconomic condition in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2012, 1.8 billion people which is almost 25% of the world population were estimated to consume contaminated water containing viruses, protozoa, and bacteria ( WHO and UNICEF, 2015 ), that have led to various kind of diseases in human especially gastroenteritis ( Bosch et al, 2008 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review

Adelodun

Ajibade

Ighalo

et al. 2021

Environmental Research

107

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Water is an essential resource required for various human activities such as drinking, cooking, and other recreational activities. While developed nations have made significant improvement in providing adequate quality water and sanitation devoid of virus contaminations to a significant percentage of the residences, many of the developing countries are still lacking in these regards, leading to many death cases among the vulnerable due to ingestion of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens. However, the recent global pandemic of COVID-19 seems to have changed the paradigm by reawakening the importance of water quality and sanitation, and focusing more attention on the pervasive effect of the use of virus-contaminated water as it can be a potential driver for the spread of the virus and other waterborne diseases, especially in developing nations that are characterized by low socioeconomic development. Therefore, this review assessed the socioeconomic inequalities related to the usage of virus-contaminated water and other waterborne pathogens in developing countries. The socioeconomic factors attributed to the various waterborne diseases due to the use of virus-contaminated water in many developing countries are poverty, the standard of living, access to health care facilities, age, gender, and level of education. Some mitigation strategies to address the viral contamination of water sources are therefore proposed, while future scope and recommendations on tackling the essential issues related to socioeconomic inequality in developing nations are highlighted.

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Drinking water and sanitation conditions are associated with the risk of malaria among children under five years old in sub-Saharan Africa: A logistic regression model analysis of national survey data

Abstract: Graphical abstractFlowchart of the method to explore the association between the type of WS and malaria infection among children under five years across sub-Saharan Africa.

Cited by 62 publications

References 40 publications

The Implications of Some Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Practices on Malaria Prevalence among Primary School Children in Gombe State, Nigeria

The Implications of Some Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Practices on Malaria Prevalence among Primary School Children in Gombe State, Nigeria

Considerations on water quality and the use of chlorine in times of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in the community

Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review

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