Dog erythrocyte antigen 1: mode of inheritance and initial characterization

Abstract

Background The Dog Erythrocyte Antigen (DEA) 1 blood group system remains poorly defined. Objectives The purpose of the study was to determine the DEA 1 mode of inheritance and to characterize the DEA 1 antigen and alloantibodies. Animals Canine research colony families, clinic canine patients, and DEA 1.2+ blood bank dogs were studied. Methods Canine blood was typed by flow cytometry and immunochromatographic strips using anti-DEA 1 monoclonal antibodies. Gel column experiments with polyclonal and immunoblotting with monoclonal anti-DEA 1 antibodies were performed to analyze select samples. Cross-reactivity of human typing reagents against canine RBCs and one monoclonal anti-DEA 1 antibody against human RBC panels was assessed. Results Typing of 12 families comprising 144 dogs indicated an autosomal dominant inheritance with ≥4 alleles: DEA 1− (0) and DEA 1+ weak (1+), intermediate (2+) and strong (3+ and 4+). Samples from 6 dogs previously typed as DEA 1.2+ were typed as DEA 1+ or DEA 1− using monoclonal antibodies. Human typing reagents produced varied reactions in tube agglutination experiments against DEA 1+ and DEA 1− RBCs. Polypeptide bands were not detected on immunoblots using a monoclonal anti-DEA 1 antibody, therefore the anti-DEA 1 antibody may be specific for conformational epitopes lost during denaturation. Conclusions The autosomal dominant inheritance of DEA 1 with ≥4 alleles indicates a complex blood group system; the antigenicity of each DEA 1+ type will need to be determined. The biochemical nature of the DEA 1 antigen(s) appears different from human blood group systems tested.

Survey of Two New (Kai 1 and Kai 2) and Other Blood Groups in Dogs of North America

“…13 The proportions of DEA 1-and strongly DEA 1+ (3+/4+) dogs were far larger than those that were weakly (1+) or moderately (2+) DEA 1+. Among breeds with at least 25 dogs represented, DEA 1-and DEA 1+ dogs were found, which is consistent with our prior smaller surveys 13,14 and also reports with DEA 1.1 and 1.X polyclonal antisera. 20 However, our survey included a biased group of dogs, because it included many Greyhound blood donors from 2 animal blood banks, where DEA 1-dogs are preferred, and many Dalmatians related to a separate Dal typing survey (S. Goulet, U. Giger, J. Arsenault, A. Abrams-Ogg, C. C. Euler, and M.-C. Blais.…”

“…2,3,11,12 The DEA 1 blood group system, initially described with 3 types, DEA 1.1, 1.2 (and likely 1.3 [A3]), recently has been found, utilizing an anti-DEA 1 monoclonal antibody, to be a complex autosomal dominant allelic system, with a DEA 1-type and varied degrees of DEA 1 positivity from 1+ to 4+. 13,14 In South Korea, additional blood group systems utilizing 2 new monoclonal antibodies, anti-Kai 1 and anti-Kai 2, currently are being investigated. The monoclonal anti-Kai 1 and anti-Kai 2 antibodies are of the IgM and IgG classes, respectively, and recognize different antigens of RBC membrane proteins in immunoblot studies.…”

Prevalence of Dog Erythrocyte Antigen 1 in 7,414 Dogs in Italy

“…A previous study established that the DEA 1 blood group system is an autosomal trait, with both male and female dogs either being DEA 1 negative or having varying degrees of DEA 1 positivity [10]. In addition, a survey ascertained that female dogs, even after pregnancy, did not develop any alloantibodies against RBC antigens during gestation, so they can be used safely as blood donors [40].…”

Detection of canine anti-DEA 1 antibodies using flow cytometry in dogs following DEA 1-positive blood transfusion

“…As described in the literature, there is no gold standard technique for blood typing. Flow cytometry was used by Acierno et al (2014) and Polak et al (2015) because of its high specificity and the possibility of detecting alloantibodies. The data confirm that flow cytometry is indeed highly specific for the detection of alloantibodies.…”

“…This method has also been used in veterinary hematology to detect DEA 1 from antibodies using this methodology. Lucidi et al (2011) researched DEA 1 in platelets but did not identify it while Polak et al (2015) used the technique to research DEA 1 in erythrocytes using this methodology.…”