2022
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24382-x
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Does CSR governance matters for corporate value creation: exploring the nexus between corporate sustainability governance and investment efficiency of acquirers in Pakistan

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“…We refer to most of the studies [63,64] and take the ratio of corporate R&D expenditure to corporate gross operating income as the intensity of corporate R&D investment. Referring to the existing literature [65,66], we employed financial and corporate governance levels indicators such as Enterprise size (Size), Gearing ratio (Lev), Business Age (Age), Total cash assets ratio (CF), Business Growth (Growth), Credit Status (Rec), Shareholder equity ratio (Era), Shareholding ratio of the first largest shareholder (Top), Board Independence (Indep) as control variables in this paper. We also control year and individual effects by including year (Year) and industry (Ind).…”
Section: Empirical Model and Variable Definitionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We refer to most of the studies [63,64] and take the ratio of corporate R&D expenditure to corporate gross operating income as the intensity of corporate R&D investment. Referring to the existing literature [65,66], we employed financial and corporate governance levels indicators such as Enterprise size (Size), Gearing ratio (Lev), Business Age (Age), Total cash assets ratio (CF), Business Growth (Growth), Credit Status (Rec), Shareholder equity ratio (Era), Shareholding ratio of the first largest shareholder (Top), Board Independence (Indep) as control variables in this paper. We also control year and individual effects by including year (Year) and industry (Ind).…”
Section: Empirical Model and Variable Definitionsmentioning
confidence: 99%