Do Marine Polysaccharides Carrageenans Modulate Non-apoptotic Regulated Cell Deaths ? (a Review)

Modulating Ionic Linkages in the Heterocyclic Sulfated Polysaccharide Carrageenan for Enhanced Selectivity Against Amelanotic Melanoma Cells

“…Intrinsic apoptosis pathway induced at the mitochondria via binding of carrageenan with death receptors [36] . In this pathway, the apoptosome is formed after complexing of an initiator Pro‐caspase 9 with cytochrome‐C (a mitochondrial protein) and APAF‐1 (apoptotic protease activating factor‐1) [37,38] and in extrinsic pathway, it initiate pro‐caspase‐8 activity to lead the formation of Caspase‐8 which cleaves Bid (BH3‐ interacting‐ domain death agonist) and tBid (truncated Bid), which cause disruption of mitochondrial outer membrane for the releasing of cytochrome‐C as explained in the Figure 9 [39–43] …”

“…[36] In this pathway, the apoptosome is formed after complexing of an initiator Procaspase 9 with cytochrome-C (a mitochondrial protein) and APAF-1 (apoptotic protease activating factor-1) [37,38] and in extrinsic pathway, it initiate pro-caspase-8 activity to lead the formation of Caspase-8 which cleaves Bid (BH3-interactingdomain death agonist) and tBid (truncated Bid), which cause disruption of mitochondrial outer membrane for the releasing of cytochrome-C as explained in the Figure 9. [39][40][41][42][43] There are other mechanisms, which has been reported for antitumor activity by inducing inflammation such as first mechanism is about the binding of carrageenan with TLR-4 and activation of TLR-4/NfkB pathway. Second one is the induction of oxidative stress via increment in H 2 O 2 .…”