Do gender differences in CD4 cell counts matter?

Prins, Maria; Robertson, J. H.; Brettle, R P; Aguado, Ildefonso Hernández; Broers, Barbara; Boufassa, Faroudy; Goldberg, David J.; Zangerle, Robert; Coutinho, Roel A.; Hoek, Anneke van den

doi:10.1097/00002030-199912030-00007

Cited by 119 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…If R value is small, then it takes large errors. For R square 0.701, nearly one third the variation in viral load is explained by the independent variable cd4 cell count similar to other studies [5][6][7][8]. The viral load is inversely proportional to CD4 cell count [9,10].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

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Study of Viral Load and CD4 Count in Diagnosis of HIV-1 Positive Patients

Kumar¹

2017

J Fam Med

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This study reports the distribution of CD4 counts and viral loads in first-time HIV positive patients.One hundred cases of different kinds of HIV/AIDS were included in this study. Written consent was obtained from each participant for their information to be stored in the clinic database and used for research purposes. Blood samples were collected from these volunteers in the sterilized vials and processed for CD4 count and viral load.Data were analyzed with statistical package (SPSS 16.0) software and correlation coefficients and correlation matrix were determined.One hundred cases (37 males and 63 females) of different kinds of HIV/ AIDS were included in this study with a mean age ranged from 33.45 ± 13.052. Half of the patients below 29 years of age and only 4% are above 59 years of age. Relationship between the CD4 cell count and the dependent variable viral load. R, the multiple correlation coefficients, is the linear correlation between the observed and predicted values of the dependent variable viral load. Its large value indicates a strong relationship between CD4 cell count values and viral load (R=0.837). If R value is small, then it takes large errors. For R square 0.701, nearly one third the variation in viral load is explained by the independent variable CD4 cell count. The Gender wise mean comparison of viral load in CD4 positive patients was found significant (p<0.05).HIV-infected men at their first HIV diagnosis are more likely to have lower CD4 counts and higher viral loads than women.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Other studies have noted gender differences in viral loads and CD4 at various stages of the disease, where females develop AIDS at higher CD4 counts and lower viral loads [6][7][8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Study of Viral Load and CD4 Count in Diagnosis of HIV-1 Positive Patients

Kumar¹

2017

J Fam Med

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“…Males from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) with high CD4 counts prior to HIV infection had, compared to others, higher viral load, and steeper slope of CD4 counts decline in the early months following infection, so that there was no evidence for a beneficial effect of higher CD4 counts before infection (31). Also, it has been shown that females have higher CD4 counts than males at the time of HIV seroconversion, AIDS development, and death, without difference in survival compared to males (32). The significance of the findings shown in this paper should not therefore be interpreted in view of their potential impact on survival after HIV infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of CD4 Counts Among HIV-Negative Ethiopians: Role of Body Mass Index, Gender, Cigarette Smoking, Khat (Catha Edulis) Chewing, and Possibly Altitude?

Abuye

Tsegaye²,

West

et al. 2005

J Clin Immunol

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To study the determinants of CD4% and CD4 counts among HIVnegative Ethiopians, and to identify factors susceptible to explain the low CD4 counts observed among Ethiopian subjects. Cohort studies among factory workers in Akaki and Wonji, Ethiopia. Clinical and laboratory examinations, including determination of HIV serological status and T-cell subsets, were performed during follow-up visits every six months. In addition, micronutrients (retinol, carotenoids, tocopherol, transferrin receptor, and selenium) plasma concentrations were determined in a subset of 38 HIV-positive and 121 HIV-negative participants. HIV-negative participants with at least one CD4 count measurement were 157 females in Akaki, 203 males in Akaki, and 712 males in Wonji. CD4 counts were independently and positively associated with body mass index (through an increase in lymphocyte counts), female gender (through an increase in CD4%), cigarette smoking (through an increase in CD4%), khat chewing (through an increase in both lymphocyte counts and CD4%), and Akaki study site (through a large increase in lymphocyte counts compensating a decrease in CD4%). Intestinal parasitic infections were not associated with CD4% or CD4 counts. Retinol, carotenoids, and α-tocopherol plasma concentrations decreased with HIV infection and advancing immunosuppression, but were not associated with CD4 counts among HIV-negative subjects. Low body mass index among Ethiopians may have contributed to their overall low CD4 counts. Other factors remain to be elucidated.

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“…Most programs and projects aiming to reduce drug-related harm still face political opposition and experience serious operational difficulties in many communities and countries 12 . More recently, with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in developed countries (and a small number of developing countries), striking differences have been observed in the rates of progression of HIV infection within IDUs populations and between IDUs and other populations, due to differences in the spectrum of HIV-related illnesses, prevalence of different co-infections, access to health care, and adherence to HAART 13,14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%