Do DBPs swim in salt water pools? Comparison of 60 DBPs formed by electrochemically generated chlorine vs. conventional chlorine

Granger, Caroline O.; Richardson, Susan D.

doi:10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.044

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Since the water in artificial public swimming pools (which are the subject of the analysis presented in this article) must be disinfected by the use of chlorine [18], the risk of microbial contamination is relatively lower there. However, in cases where both organic and inorganic micropollutants occur in the water, these might react with free chlorine, and this reaction will lead to the production of disinfection byproducts (DBP) that are dangerous for human health, including trihalomethanes (THMs) [19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rainwater Quality Analysis for Its Potential Recovery: A Case Study on Its Usage for Swimming Pools in Poland

Lempart-Rapacewicz,

Zakharova,

Kudlek

2023

Sustainability

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This paper describes the possibility of using rainwater for filling artificial swimming pools in Poland. The overall purpose of this study is to understand whether the quality of rainwater collected from roofs would be suitable for use in the swimming pools without any additional treatment. The rainwater samples were collected from five areas in the Silesian region and analysed for a number of physico-chemical parameters. The results show that the content of nitrates met Polish standards, whereas the standards set for pH and turbidity would only be met after the water had undergone the treatment process which takes place in every swimming pool installation. The paper further compares rainwater data from this study with the corresponding data for drinking water and groundwater. It shows that the content of ammonia, some metals (Ni, Cr and Mn) and a semimetal are in line with the parameters used for drinking water and are a lot lower compared to those set for groundwater. However, the results indicated some possible consequences which might be harmful for swimming pool users. These include the adverse effects of zinc and other organic micropollutants which are classified as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). These may form dangerous byproducts in the presence of the chlorine, the use of which is required by the standards to be applied for swimming pool disinfection purposes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rainwater Quality Analysis for Its Potential Recovery: A Case Study on Its Usage for Swimming Pools in Poland

Lempart-Rapacewicz,

Zakharova,

Kudlek

2023

Sustainability

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“…More specifically, respiratory symptoms such as coughing, dyspnoea, chest tightness, and throat or nasal problems have been observed to occur in competitive swimmers during training or close to the activity and to affect them more than other athletes or non-competitive swimmers [8,9]. One of the most discussed hypotheses suggests that the increased prevalence of these symptoms in competitive swimmers is due to the presence in water of disinfection by-products (DBPs) derived from chlorination [9][10][11][12][13][14][15], which is still the most widespread and economical method to control biological risk affecting the swimming pool water [16]. DBPs exposure to swimmers in swimming pools occurs primarily via the inhalation of volatile compounds or aerosol-containing DBPs and via the dermal route for those DBPs that are skin-permeable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying Respiratory Symptoms Related to Swimming Pools Attendance in Young Athletes: The SPHeRA Study

Zaccarin

Zanni

Gallé

et al. 2022

Toxics

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This study investigates the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and the training factors possibly associated with them in a sample of young Italian competitive swimmers. A questionnaire about training information and symptoms was administered to participants during the winter and summer 2021 training seasons. In total, 396 athletes took part in the study. In the winter training subgroup (n = 197), we found significant associations between increasing training hours per session and the presence of nasal congestion/rhinorrhoea (OR = 3.10; p = 0.039) and cough (OR = 3.48; p = 0.015). Total training hours per week were significantly associated with nasal congestion/rhinorrhoea (OR = 1.12; p = 0.010). In the summer group (n = 199), the same factors were not associated with respiratory symptoms. Having an allergy was significantly related to nasal congestion/rhinorrhea in both the logistic models (model 1 OR = 2.69, p = 0.013; model 2 OR = 2.70, p = 0.012), while having asthma significantly increased the risk of coughing (OR = 3.24, p = 0.033). The kind of environment (indoor or outdoor facilities) did not affect the studied symptoms either in summer or winter. Further investigations are needed to better understand the mechanisms involved in the development of respiratory symptoms in swimmers, particularly on how inflammation and remodelling develop and which environmental conditions can favour these processes.

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“…Salt water pools were the focus of another study by Granger and Richardson, who quantified 60 DBPs using GC-MS in an indoor community pool before and after switching to salt water. 121 This study allowed a direct comparison of DBPs formed by these two treatments. Electrochemical generation of chlorine (from sodium chloride) was used to generate chlorine (HOCl) in situ.…”

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confidence: 99%

Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues

Richardson,

Manasfi

2024

Anal. Chem.

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BACKGROUND AND TRENDSThis biennial review covers developments in water analysis for emerging environmental contaminants mainly over the period of September 2021−December 2023 (with a few in early 2024). Analytical Chemistry's policy is to limit reviews to a maximum of ∼250 significant references and to mainly focus on new trends. Therefore, only a small fraction of the quality research publications are discussed. The previous Water Analysis review (with Thomas Ternes) was published in 2022. 1 This year, Tarek Manasfi joined to cover the section on pharmaceuticals and hormones. We welcome any comments you have on this Review

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Do DBPs swim in salt water pools? Comparison of 60 DBPs formed by electrochemically generated chlorine vs. conventional chlorine

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

Rainwater Quality Analysis for Its Potential Recovery: A Case Study on Its Usage for Swimming Pools in Poland

Rainwater Quality Analysis for Its Potential Recovery: A Case Study on Its Usage for Swimming Pools in Poland

Studying Respiratory Symptoms Related to Swimming Pools Attendance in Young Athletes: The SPHeRA Study

Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues

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