DNA Flow Cytometry Reveals Depressed Spermatogenetic Activity in the Contralateral Testis within 24 h of Ipsilateral Spermatic Cord Torsion Independently of the Presence of the Testis and Epididymis

Capsaicin in Albino Rats Prevents Contralateral Testis from the Damaging Effects Posed by Ipsilateral Testis That Underwent Torsion

“…Ipsilateral testicular torsion has previously been shown to damage contralateral testis through various studies [1, 2, 3, 6, 15, 16, 22]. The fate of contralateral testis has been evaluated through various parameters including MSTD and MTBS.…”

“…The proposed theories include reflex decrease in contralateral testicular blood flow [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], autoimmunity [10, 11], associated congenital anomalies [12, 13]and subclinical torsion attacks of the contralateral testis [14]. Since spermatic cord torsion even in the absence of testis and epididymis is shown to cause contralateral testicular injury and contralateral testicular injury has been demonstrated by DNA flow cytometry within 24 h of ipsilateral testicular torsion [15], autoimmunity, associated congenital anomalies and subclinical torsion attacks of the contralateral testis seem unlikely. On the other hand, decrease in contralateral testicular blood flow, increase in biochemical indicators of tissue hypoxia within contralateral testis [6], ameliorating effects of chemical sympathectomy on both biochemical indicators of hypoxia and histology [16, 17, 18], suggest the reflex decrease in blood flow to be the mechanism of contralateral damage.…”

Effects of Abdominal Location and Epididymal or Vasal Obstructions either Individually or in Association on Ipsilateral and Contralateral Testes

“…The relative proportions of haploid cells (spermatids and spermatozoa), diploid cells (spermatogonial cells, secondary spermatocytes, Sertoli cells, Leyding cells and connective tissue cells) and tetraploid cells (primary spermatocytes) correlate with different stages of spermatogenesis and is a quantitative alternative to routine histologic evaluation. The percentage of haploid cells effectively reflects the index of spermatogenesis [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. …”

“…The relative proportions of haploid (N), diploid (2N) and tetraploid (4N) cells were calculated from the area under each peak in the DNA histogram. The percentage of haploid cells were used as an index of spermatogenesis [10, 11]. …”

Noradrenaline and nitrite‐nitrate concentrations in the contralateral testes during ipsilateral spermatic cord torsion in the presence or absence of a testis and epididymis

“…Succeeding studies have shown decreases in testicular oxygen content and adenylate energy charge, and an increase in biochemical indicators of tissue hypoxia [ 9–11]. These indicators increased and the contralateral testis deteriorated within 24 h of ipsilateral spermatic cord torsion, without the testis and epididymis necessarily being present [ 12–15]. Chemical sympathectomy reduced the increase in biochemical indicators of tissue hypoxia and preserved spermatogenetic function [ 16–18].…”