Diversity of trematodes from the amphibian anomaly P hotspot: Role of planorbid snails

Abstract

Trematode infection of the second intermediate hosts can lead to changes in their fitness and, as a result, a change in the invasion rate of animal communities. It is especially pronounced during the invasion of parasite species that reduce activity due to the manipulation of hosts through the changes of their morphology and physiology. One of these cases is an anomaly P syndrome hotspot found in some populations of water frogs and toads in Europe caused by the trematode Strigea robusta metacercariae. The occurrence of pathogen and their participation in ecosystems are intrigues questions in the anomaly P phenomenon, as well as the role of planorbid snails that serve as the first intermediate hosts for many trematode species. Herein, we focused on trematodes spectra from planorbid snails and amphibians from the anomaly P hosts with the aim to undetected interactions between the pathways of parasites. Emerging cercariae of 6802 planorbid snails of dominant species (Planorbarius corneus, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus spp.) were detected by both morphological and molecular methods in seven waterbodies in Privolzhskaya Lesostep Nature Reserve (Russia). A total of 95 sequences of 18 species were received, and 48 sequences were unique and did not present in any genetic databases. The 18 species of trematodes from snails and 14 species of trematodes from amphibian hosts (Pelophylax ridibundus; Ranidae; Anura) were detected. Three species (Echinostoma nasincovae, Tylodelphys circibuteonis and Australapatemon burti) was new for the trematode fauna of the Middle Volga River region and Russia as a whole. Eleven species of parasitic flatworms have amphibians in their life cycles and nine species used amphibians as metacercariae hosts: Echinostoma nasincovae, E. miyagawai, Echinoparyphium recurvatum, Tylodelphys circibuteonis, Neodiplostomum spathula, Paralepoderma cloacicola, Macrodera longicollis, Strigea robusta, and Strigea strigis. The occurrence of trematode species from planorbid mollusks and frogs were compared.

New Data on the Larval Stages of Leptophallus nigrovenosus (Digenea, Plagiorchiata)

“…In addition, laboratory experiments on Echinostoma (Rudolphi, 1809) (Echinostomatidae) have shown that this parasite can cause extensive mortality in tadpoles [68]. The P-syndrome hotspot found in tadpoles and metamorphs of water frogs and toads in Europe is due to parasitization by metacercariae of the trematode Strigea robusta (Szidat, 1928) (Strigeidae), which results in various deformities of the hindlimbs and forelimbs [69]. L. nigrovenosus metacercariae has been reported with a high prevalence (22.2%) in Pelophylax saharicus (Boulenger, 1913) in Morocco [37].…”