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Cited by 37 publications
(16 citation statements)
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“…The data reported herein highlight that the two branches of the immune system have different activation dynamics in this insect as phagocytosis and encapsulation are rapidly triggered once the larva is exposed to the foreign antigen, while the humoral components intervene later. This evidence -although important because it fills a gap in our knowledge of BSF larvae -is common among insects, that are able to activate different defense mechanisms against infections via different speeds, specificities, and routes (17,97). The possible variation in numbers and populations of circulating hemocytes, and the rate of their recruitment to overcome the intruders likely affect the extent and time course of phagocytosis and encapsulation among different insects and within the same species depending on the foreign invader (17).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The data reported herein highlight that the two branches of the immune system have different activation dynamics in this insect as phagocytosis and encapsulation are rapidly triggered once the larva is exposed to the foreign antigen, while the humoral components intervene later. This evidence -although important because it fills a gap in our knowledge of BSF larvae -is common among insects, that are able to activate different defense mechanisms against infections via different speeds, specificities, and routes (17,97). The possible variation in numbers and populations of circulating hemocytes, and the rate of their recruitment to overcome the intruders likely affect the extent and time course of phagocytosis and encapsulation among different insects and within the same species depending on the foreign invader (17).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Insect immunity with its cellular and humoral arms has evolved under substantial selective pressure to protect the host against foreign invaders ( 17 , 97 ). The biological significance of the present study lies in its more detailed appreciation of how the speed and kinetics of immune activation influence the ability of the host (i.e., BSF larvae, whose immune system is poorly studied despite the great interest in this insect for its bioconversion ability) to counteract a specific category of invaders (i.e., Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Among the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), sarcotoxin IA (STX IA) is a peptide secreted by the larvae of the flesh fly Sarcophaga peregrina in response to bacterial infection [ 38 ]. This peptide isolated from the hemolymph of the flesh fly [ 39 , 40 , 41 ] has shown effective antibacterial properties in plants, including the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri , the citrus canker causal agent [ 37 , 39 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, the binding of insect AMPs to microbial surfaces is a prerequisite for antimicrobial activity [ 45 ]. The majority of the insect AMPs are small and cationic [ 45 ], showing the effective activities against Gram-negative and occasionally Gram-positive bacteria [ 38 , 41 ]. Moreover, AMPs have minimal toxic and allergic side effects on humans and plants [ 38 ] and may potentially be applied in medicine and agriculture as safe antimicrobial agents [ 46 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…AMPs are considered inducible factors, present only after infection; their synthesis is mediated by circulating cells, such as some hemocytes, but mainly by fat body cells. However, AMPs may be constitutively present as a local defense, at the level of epidermis, trachea midgut, and tissues of the reproductive organs [ 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%