Diversity in cytokine response to bacteria associated with preterm birth by fetal membranes

Effect of oxygen tension on bacteria-stimulated cytokine production by fetal membranes

“…It is possible that different results would be obtained if we used tissues harvested prior to labor, the pattern cytokine production. However, the response to bacteria stimulation for cultures under room air conditions are largely similar to findings reported previously that used tissues from patients undergoing cesarean sections [15]. This suggests that any differences between model systems unlikely to be large enough to impact the results of this study.…”

“…Infections may cause PPROM by disrupting the delicate balance of cytokines at the maternal-fetal interface that permits the survival of the fetal allograft [19]. Bacterial components interact with Toll-like receptors that are expressed on the surface of the epithelial cells in the amnion and choriodecidua [14] to increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [15,31,36] that can act in an autocrine and paracrine manner to increase the production of matrixmetalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) [2]. MMP-9 digests type I and type IV collagens that form the extracellular matrix of the fetal membranes.…”

The Human Ureaplasma Species as Causative Agents of Chorioamnionitis

“…Numerous studies have identified that the severity of upper genital tract Ureaplasma infection/inflammation in pregnant women is highly variable. Some studies have demonstrated that there may be immunological evidence of severe inflammation (196,197), while in others there may be only moderate inflammation (198), or there may be no correlation between infection with Ureaplasma spp. and inflammation (199) (Fig.…”

Human Beta Defensins 1, 2 and 3 Produced by Amniochorion Membranes Is Similar in Term and Preterm Delivery

“…The infection of the amniotic cavity triggers the immune response and lead to an inflammation with different production of cytokines and Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) expression modifying the normal scenario of gestation and culminating to the PTB [8]. Thus, in the presence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) the innate immune response has an important role to eliminate the pathogens and re-establish the normal environment of the amniotic cavity, in this sense, the natural antimicrobial peptides are important since they provide protection against microorganism's infection [9] [10].…”