Distribution of Ocular Component Measures and Refraction in Brazilian School Children

Lira, Rodrigo Pessoa Cavalcanti; Arieta, Carlos Eduardo Leite; Passos, Thaís Helena Moreira; Maziero, Diana; Astur, Gustavo Lima do Valle; Santo, Ítalo Fernandes do Espírito; Bertolani, Ana Cláudia; Pozzi, Luis Fernando; Castro, Rosane Silvestre de; Ferraz, Álvaro Antônio Bandeira

doi:10.1080/09286586.2016.1254249

Cited by 23 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…18 When only rural areas are considered; however, prevalence of myopia in that study (16.3%) was slightly higher than that of our study. 18 Previous studies conducted in China, [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] South Korea, 30 Australia, 32 France, 33 and the USA 34 reported higher prevalence of myopia, while studies conducted in India, 35 Saudi Arabia, [36][37][38] Brazil, 39 and Paraguay 40 reported lower prevalence than that reported presently. These differences may occur due to differences in subject ages, cut-off thresholds for myopia diagnosis, or methods of measurement (cycloplegia or noncycloplegia).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…This result is similar to those of other studies, which reported that the likelihood of myopia increased with age (or school grade). 18,23,24,28,35,36,39,41 As such, developing reasonable and appropriate learning plans that include an emphasis on eye health may be a good solution to prevent school-age myopia and should be considered by education policymakers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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<p>The Prevalence of Myopia and Factors Associated with It Among Secondary School Children in Rural Vietnam</p>

Hung¹,

Chinh²,

Tan

et al. 2020

OPTH

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Purpose: To assess the prevalence of myopia and associated factors among secondary school children in a rural area of Vietnam. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study of children in grades six to nine was conducted in four secondary schools in Hoang Mai town, Nghe An Province, Vietnam, during December 2018 and January 2019. The status of myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent objective refractive error of −0.50 D or worse in either eye. A case-control study was conducted to explore factors associated with myopia, where children with myopia were considered to be cases, and children without myopia were considered to be controls. Factors associated with myopia were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of myopia among secondary school children was 14.2% (95% CI: 12.7-15.7%) and tended to increase with grade, from 10.5% in grade six to 17.7% in grade nine. Myopia prevalence in girls was significantly higher than in boys. Factors associated with myopia were a mother with a college/university education (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.2-5.3), parents who wore spectacles (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1-3.8), distance from near work (OR = 5.2, 95% CI = 3.5-7.9), and taking breaks after 30 minutes of continued reading (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1-2.5). However, there were inverse associations with myopia for children belonging to the wealthiest households (OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.1-0.5) and time spent performing outdoor activities (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4-0.9). Conclusion: Our study showed that the prevalence of myopia is considerable among secondary children in rural areas of Vietnam. The prevalence of myopia tended to increase among children in higher grade levels. Thus, appropriate interventions should be developed and conducted to deal with the issue of school-age myopia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>The Prevalence of Myopia and Factors Associated with It Among Secondary School Children in Rural Vietnam</p>

Hung¹,

Chinh²,

Tan

et al. 2020

OPTH

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“…AL is correlated with SER in longer eyes more likely to be myopic [28]. Zhang et al [29] reported that AL predicts the onset of myopia, and the AL/CRC ratio is strongly correlated with the SER [13, 30, 31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Changes in Astigmatism with Noncycloplegia Refraction and Ocular Biometry in Chinese Primary Schoolchildren

Lin

Jiang

et al. 2019

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose. To assess the changing profile of astigmatism in Chinese schoolchildren and the association between astigmatism changes and ocular biometry. Methods. We examined and followed up 1,463 children aged 6–9 years from Wenzhou, China. We measured noncycloplegic refraction twice each year and tested axial length (AL) and corneal radius of curvature (CRC) annually for two years. We defined clinically significant astigmatism (CSA) as ≤−0.75 diopter (D) and non-CSA astigmatism as ≤0 to >−0.75 D. Results. Prevalence of CSA at baseline was 22.4% (n = 327) and decreased to 20.3% (n = 297) at the two-year follow-up (P=0.046). Ninety-two (8.1%) non-CSA children developed CSA. In multiple regression, after adjusting for age, gender, baseline cylinder refraction, and axis, children who had longer baseline ALs (>23.58 mm; odds ratio (OR) = 5.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.72–9.90) and longer baseline AL/CRC ratio (>2.99, OR = 4.99, 95% CI: 2.37–10.51) were more likely to develop CSA after two years. Four-hundred and two (27.5%) children had increased astigmatism, 783 (53.5%) had decreased, and 278 (19.0%) had no change during the two-year follow-up. Children with increased astigmatism had longer baseline ALs (23.33 mm, P<0.001), higher AL/CRC ratios (2.99 mm, P<0.001), and more negative spherical equivalent refraction (SER) (−0.63 D, P<0.001) compared with the decreased and no astigmatism change subgroups. Also, children in the increased astigmatism subgroup had more AL growth (0.68 mm, P<0.001), higher increases in AL/CRC ratio (0.08, P<0.001), and more negative SER change (−0.86 D, P<0.001) compared with the decreased and no astigmatism change subgroups. Conclusions. The prevalence of astigmatism decreased slightly over the two-year study period. Longer ALs and higher AL/CRC ratios were independent risk factors for developing CSA. Increased astigmatism was associated with AL growth, AL/CRC ratio increases, and the development of myopia. This trial is registered with ChiCTR1800019915.

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“…For example, a prevalence of 73% was found in South Korean children aged 12 to 18 years old [33]. However, there are some countries where the prevalence rates remain low, such as Brazil (3.14 and 9.6%) [26,27] and Ghana (3.4%) [25]. In these countries even when considering an overestimated non-cycloplegic measurements the prevalence of myopia in school children remains low e.g., in the Republic of South Africa (7%) [38] or in Colombia (11.2%) [25,37].…”

Section: Prevalence Of Myopia In School Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Female gender China [10,12,14,15] Colombia [37] India [17] Saudi Arabia [21,35] Low outdoor activity Australia [27] China [1,15] Netherlands [23] Parental myopia Australia (6-year-old cohort) [29] China [12,32,45] Finland [42] India [17] Japan [46] Increasing age Brazil [26] China [12,14,15] India [17] Poland [18,19] Saudi Arabia [21,35] Time spent on near work/studying Australia [29] China [12,32] India (over 5 h daily) [17] Taiwan [47] Higher socio-economic status India [17] Low family income Netherlands [23] Higher body mass index Japan [46] Netherlands [23] Use of LED lamps for homework (compared to incandescent or fluorescent lamps)…”

Section: Risk Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

Kanclerz²,

et al. 2020

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Background: Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. Children with early onset are at particular risk of complications associated with myopia, as progression over time might result in high myopia and myopic macular degeneration. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the increasing prevalence of myopia. The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 6-19 years) around the world. Main body: PubMed and Medline were searched for the following keywords: prevalence, incidence, myopia, refractive error, risk factors, children and visual impairment. English language articles published between were included in the study. Studies were critically reviewed for study methodology and robustness of data. Eighty studies were included in this literature review. Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. Studies reporting on non-cycloplegic measurements show exceptionally high myopia prevalence rates in school children in East Asia (73%), and high rates in North America (42%). Low prevalence under 10% was described in African and South American children. In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25 cm and living in an urban environment. Conclusion: Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. New epidemiological studies should be carried out on implementation of public health strategies to tackle and avoid myopia. As the myopia prevalence rates in noncycloplegic studies are overestimated, we recommend considering only cycloplegic measurements.

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Distribution of Ocular Component Measures and Refraction in Brazilian School Children

Abstract: Significant trends towards lower refractive power, increased prevalence of myopia, increased ACD, VCD, and axial length, and decreased lens power were associated with increasing age in these children. There were no significant changes in corneal thickness or corneal curvature.

Cited by 23 publications

References 19 publications

<p>The Prevalence of Myopia and Factors Associated with It Among Secondary School Children in Rural Vietnam</p>

<p>The Prevalence of Myopia and Factors Associated with It Among Secondary School Children in Rural Vietnam</p>

Simultaneous Changes in Astigmatism with Noncycloplegia Refraction and Ocular Biometry in Chinese Primary Schoolchildren

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

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