DISTRIBUTION OF Meloidogyne enterolobii IN GUAVA ORCHARDS IN THE STATE OF CEARÁ, BRAZIL

Abstract

-Among the factors negatively impacting guava (Psidium guajava) crop in Brazil, one of the most important is the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii, which may cause considerable yield losses and even the cessation of guava cultivation in some areas. In addition to affecting guava, the pathogen has been reported as a parasite in various other crops, among them both oleraceous and ornamental crops, as well as in spontaneous vegetation. The aim of this study was to verify the occurrence of M. enterolobii in plants collected in guava orchards in different counties of Ceará state, identified through electrophoresis with the isoenzyme esterase, and to observe its infecting behavior into Meloidogyne differentiating plants. Fifty root samples from guava, tasselflower (Emilia fosbergii), and jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum), were collected in 13 counties from eight micro-regions in the state of Ceará. In all analyzed samples, only esterase phenotype M2 (Rm: 0.6; 0.9), characteristic of M. enterolobii, was detected, showing that the nematode is widespread in orchards throughout the state, where is affecting these fruit tree, and that it is also able to parasitizing plants of the spontaneous vegetation. Based on the results, this nematode currently constitutes a serious threat to guava plantations in Ceará, and effective control mechanisms are crucial to prevent the spread of this pathogen to other, still unaffected, areas.Keywords: Root-knot nematode. Psidium guajava. Electrophoresis. Esterase. DISPERSÃO DE Meloidogyne enterolobii EM POMARES DE GOIABEIRAS EM MUNICÍPIOS DO ESTADO DO CEARÁRESUMO -Dentre os problemas que afetam a cultura da goiabeira (Psidium guajava) no Brasil, destaca-se o nematoide das galhas Meloidogyne enterolobii, o qual pode provocar consideráveis perdas na produção e tornar inviáveis áreas para o cultivo da fruteira. Além da goiabeira, o patógeno já foi relatado parasitando diversas outras culturas dentre olerícolas, ornamentais, como também em plantas de vegetação espontânea. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, verificar a dispersão de M. enterolobii em plantas coletadas em pomares de goiabeiras em diferentes municípios do Ceará, empregando na identificação a técnica da eletroforese com a isoenzima esterase e observar o comportamento do patógeno em espécies diferenciadoras de Meloidogyne. Analisaram-se aproximadamente 50 amostras de raízes obtidas de goiabeiras, de falsa serralha (Emilia fosbergii) e de jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum) coletadas em 13 municípios pertencentes a oito microrregiões do estado. Em todas as amostras analisadas detectou-se apenas o fenótipo de esterase M2 (Rm: 0,6; 0,9) característico de M. enterolobii, indicando que o nematoide está disseminado no estado afetando a fruteira e que pode permanecer na área parasitando plantas da vegetação espontânea. Com as informações obtidas, verificou-se que este nematoide constitui, atualmente, uma séria ameaça aos cultivos da goiabeira no Ceará e que práticas efetivas de controle são requeridas para evitar a dispersão desse p...

Meloidogyne enterolobii, a Major Threat to Tomato Production: Current Status and Future Prospects for Its Management

“…In general, the perineal patterns of M. enterolobii are oval shape; the dorsal arch is high and round; phasmids are large, and weak lateral lines occasionally present ( Karssen and van Aelst, 2001 ; Brito et al, 2004 ). However, perineal patterns within the same species may also vary in individuals from the same population, making identification difficult ( Humphreys et al, 2012 ; Da Silva and Santos, 2016 ; Suresh et al, 2019 ). Additionally, M. incognita and M. enterolobii can have very similar perineal patterns ( Humphreys et al, 2012 ; Schwarz, 2019 ; Suresh et al, 2019 ) and M. enterolobii was originally thought to be M. incognita based on perineal pattern analysis.…”

“…In 1988, a species identified as Meloidogyne mayaguensis in Puerto Rico was thought to be a new species of root-knot nematode. However, based on morphological and molecular data it was reclassified as M. enterolobii in 2004 ( Yang and Eisenback, 1983 ; Castagnone-Sereno, 2012 ; Elling, 2013 ; Da Silva and Santos, 2016 ). The common name, guava root-knot nematode ( Figure 1 ), was given because of the significant damage this nematode has caused to guava fruit trees ( Psidium guajava ) in South America ( Carneiro et al, 2001 ; Schwarz et al, 2020 ).…”

“…This nematode was also detected in commercial greenhouses in temperate regions in Switzerland ( Kiewnick et al, 2009 ; Castagnone-Sereno and Castillo, 2014 ; Braun-Kiewnick et al, 2016 ). In the United States, M. enterolobii was first reported in Puerto Rico in 1988 and Florida in 2001 ( Brito et al, 2004 ; Da Silva and Santos, 2016 ). It has since spread and has been reported in North and South Carolina ( Rutter et al, 2019 ).…”

Reação de espécies vegetais a Meloidogyne enterolobii e eficiência de seus extratos aquosos no controle do patógeno

“…The importance of M. enterolobii to the country may increase as infestation of the pathogen increases, not only in areas of guava production, but also in plantations of other crops (CARNEIRO, ALMEIDA, 2001). In the State of Ceará, the nematode was found associated with the roots of the guava tree in every orchard in the regions they were collected SANTOS, 2017).…”

Reaction of potential guava rootstocks to Meloidogyne enterolobii

“…The use of antagonistic plants and/or unfavorable hosts is also an alternative for managing nematodes, since they reduce the populations and are used as green manures (Avena spp., Urochloa spp., Crotalaria spp., Mucuna spp., Pennisetum glaucum, and Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus) or for grain production (Arachis hypogaea) (Cunha et al, 2015;Rosa et al, 2015;Silva & Santos, 2017).…”