Distribution of common cocklebur and palmer amaranth seed exiting the combine for harvest weed seed control in soybean

Green, Jeremy K.; Norsworthy, Jason K.; Walsh, Michael

doi:10.1002/cft2.20064

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Overall, the results from these experiments show that not all chaff and weed seed is directed into the Seed Terminator™ when it is engaged; a portion of the weed seed is lost and expelled from the straw spreader. Similar results were observed in Arkansas, where 85%, 9%, and 6% of the Palmer amaranth seed collected in soybean harvest fractions was collected from the upper sieve, straw spreader, and grain tank, respectively (Green et al 2020). Table 4 provides a comparison of nondamaged weed seed collected in conventional and Seed Terminator™ threshing samples.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

Harvest weed seed control in soybean with an impact mill

et al. 2023

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The distribution of herbicide resistant weeds such as waterhemp has resulted in a greater need for a more integrated approach to weed management, especially in U.S. soybean production systems. Previous research has shown harvest weed seed control (HWSC) to be an effective method of reducing the amount of weed seed returning to the soil. One form of HWSC is the use of impact mills to destroy weed seed exiting the combine during harvest. In 2019 and 2020, we investigated the efficacy and operating costs of the Seed TerminatorTM impact mill in five Missouri soybean fields that contained significant waterhemp infestations. Results indicated that 22% to 40% of the available waterhemp seed in the field at harvest drops to the soil surface due to shatter whenever the combine reel contacts waterhemp plants. Across all locations, an average of 94% of waterhemp seed exiting the Seed Terminator™ was substantially damaged and considered non-viable. Consecutive seasons of use of the Seed TerminatorTM on the same field in two of the locations resulted in a 96 to 97% reduction of waterhemp in the soil seed bank the spring following the second harvest. The estimated increased operating cost of using a Seed Terminator™ was $14.18 ha-1 compared to harvesting with a conventional combine alone. Engine load increased by 12.5%, fuel consumption was 11.3 L h-1 and 1 L ha-1 greater with the Seed Terminator™, but there was no reduction in productivity when harvesting with a combine equipped with a Seed TerminatorTM compared to a conventional combine. The use of impact mills could play a significant role in reducing soil weed seed banks in soybean production systems in at least the Midwest region of the United States in the future.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

Harvest weed seed control in soybean with an impact mill

et al. 2023

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“…Innovative tools and tactics are progressively becoming available for farmers. For example, the adoption of harvest weed seed control (HWSC) systems could significantly contribute to the control of A. palmeri given its high seed retention until crop harvest [34,35]. With 1 million tons (Mt) produced in 2019, Italy is the third soybean producer in Europe (after Ukraine, 3.6 Mt, and the Russian Federation, 4.3 Mt), and the first in the European Union (before Serbia, 0.7 Mt; Romania, 0.4 Mt; and France, 0.4 Mt) [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Discovery of Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson in Italy: Characterization of ALS-Resistant Populations and Sensitivity to Alternative Herbicides

et al. 2021

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Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson (Amaranthaceae Juss.) is a dioecious noxious weed, native to the Americas, which infests summer crops. It causes high crop losses, and rapidly evolves resistance to herbicides. In Europe, A. palmeri was recorded mostly as a casual alien, but in 2018 it was reported infesting a soybean field in Italy, and the next year two more populations were found in the same area. Experiments were conducted on these three populations to evaluate the resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides, to determine the main resistance mechanisms involved and assess the efficacy of alternative herbicides with different sites of action than ALS. The three populations were confirmed cross-resistant to ALS-inhibiting herbicides (thifensulfuron-methyl and imazamox). Gene sequencing identified a Trp to Leu substitution at position 574 of ALS gene in resistant plants, proving that the main resistance mechanism for the three populations is target-site related. The presence of other resistance mechanisms cannot be excluded. Metobromuron, metribuzin and glyphosate are still effective on these populations.

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“…Weed seed that is retained and enters the combine during harvest is normally redistributed across fields, thereby helping to replenish the soil seedbank each year (Shirtliffe and Entz 2005; Walsh and Powles 2007). Seed of weeds, such as Palmer amaranth and common cocklebur ( Xanthium strumarium L.), collected by the combine during soybean harvest, predominantly exit in the chaff and straw fractions (Green 2019). Capturing and destroying these seed through HWSC practices to prevent seedbank inputs is paramount to the management of these major weed species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seed destruction of weeds in southern US crops using heat and narrow-windrow burning

et al. 2020

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Narrow-windrow burning has been a successful form of harvest weed seed control in Australian cropping systems, but little is known about the efficacy of narrow-windrow burning on weed seeds infesting U.S. cropping systems. An experiment was conducted using a high-fire kiln that exposed various grass and broadleaf weed seeds to temperatures of 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 C for 20, 40, 60, and 80 s to determine the temperature and time needed to kill weed seeds. Weeds evaluated included Italian ryegrass, barnyardgrass, johnsongrass, sicklepod, Palmer amaranth, prickly sida, velvetleaf, pitted morningglory, and hemp sesbania. Two field experiments were also conducted over consecutive growing seasons, with the first experiment aimed at determining the amount of heat produced during burning of narrow windrows of soybean harvest residues (chaff and straw) and the effect of this heat on weed seed mortality. The second field experiment aimed to determine the effect of wind speed on the duration and intensity of burning narrow windrows of soybean harvest residues. Following exposure to the highest temperature and longest duration in the kiln, only sicklepod showed any survival (<1% average); however, in most cases, the seeds were completely destroyed (ash). A heat index of only 22,600 was needed to kill all seeds of Palmer amaranth, barnyardgrass, and Italian ryegrass. In the field, all seeds of the evaluated weed species were completely destroyed by narrow-windrow burning of 1.08 to 1.95 kg m−2 of soybean residues. The burn duration of the soybean harvest residues declined as wind speed increased. Findings from the kiln and field experiments show that complete kill is likely for weed seeds concentrated into narrow windrows of burned soybean residues. Given the low cost of implementation of narrow-windrow burning and the seed kill efficacy on various weed species, this strategy may be an attractive option for destroying weed seed.

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Distribution of common cocklebur and palmer amaranth seed exiting the combine for harvest weed seed control in soybean

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

Harvest weed seed control in soybean with an impact mill

Harvest weed seed control in soybean with an impact mill

Recent Discovery of Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson in Italy: Characterization of ALS-Resistant Populations and Sensitivity to Alternative Herbicides

Seed destruction of weeds in southern US crops using heat and narrow-windrow burning

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