Dissipation of six fungicides in greenhouse-grown tomatoes with processing and health risk

Abstract

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the dissipation rate kinetics and estimate the behavior of selected pesticides after washing, peeling, simmering, and canning of tomato expressed as processing factor (PF). Two varieties (Marissa and Harzfeuer) were treated by six fungicides: azoxystrobin, boscalid, chlorothalonil, cyprodinil, fludioxonil, and pyraclostrobin at single and double dose and risk assessment defined as hazard quotient was performed. The QuEChERS method was used for sample preparation followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The dissipation of fungicides approximately fitted to a first-order kinetic model, with half-life values ranging from 2.49 and 2.67 days (cyprodinil) to 5.00 and 5.32 days (chlorothalonil) for Marissa and Harzfeuer variety, respectively. Results from processing studies showed that treatments have significant effects on the removal of the studied fungicides for both varieties. The PFs were generally less than 1 (between 0.01 and 0.90) and did not depend on variety. The dietary exposure assessed based on initial deposits of application at single and double dose on tomatoes and concentration after each process with PF correction showed no concern to consumer health. Our results would be a useful tool for monitoring of fungicides in tomatoes and provide more understanding of residue behavior and risk posed by these fungicides.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6260-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Degradation of triadimefon and residue levels of metabolite triadimenol: tracing rapeseed from harvesting and storage to household oil processing

“…Different processing methods have different effects on agricultural pesticides . The processing factor (PF), defined as ratio of pesticide residues in processed products and the primary agricultural pesticide residue levels or the raw material pesticide residue levels, is used to evaluate the variety and redistribution of pesticide residues during the food‐processing procedure . A PF > 1 means that the residual levels increased during processing while PF < 1 means that residual levels decreased during processing.…”

“…46 The processing factor (PF), defined as ratio of pesticide residues in processed products and the primary agricultural pesticide residue levels or the raw material pesticide residue levels, is used to evaluate the variety and redistribution of pesticide residues during the food-processing procedure. [47][48][49] A PF > 1 means that the residual levels increased during processing while PF < 1 means that residual levels decreased during processing. Table 7 presents the redistribution of triadimenol residues from rapeseed to rapeseed oil and processing factors (PFs) using the cold-press or hot-press technique.…”

Functionalized iron oxide/SBA-15 sorbent: investigation of adsorption performance towards glyphosate herbicide

“…The results showed that boscalid dissipation pattern followed the first-order kinetics with the half-lives of 4.9 and 6.4 days, respectively. The studies conducted by Jankowska et al (2016) showed that the dissipation time for boscalid in tomatoes is 2.88 days for Marissa variety and 3.09 days for Harzfeuer variety. For the pyraclostrobin the dissipation time is 2.70 and 2.78 days for Marissa and Harzfeuer varieties, respectively.…”

Effervescence‐assisted dispersive solid‐phase extraction using ionic‐liquid‐modified magnetic β‐cyclodextrin/attapulgite coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography for fungicide detection in honey and juice

“…Fungicides in plants are essential for inhibiting or reducing disease development by damaging pathogen cell membranes , and have been widely used to protect plants during growth modulation processes. However, residual fungicides can enter plants by diverse modes of action and then bioaccumulate in other organisms, making them a serious threat to human health . To guarantee food security, the detection of these residues in food has received increasing attention, and the European Commission has set some maximum residue limits (MRLs) to guarantee consumer safety .…”

“…Fungicides in plants are essential for inhibiting or reducing disease development by damaging pathogen cell membranes [1], and have been widely used to protect plants during growth modulation processes. However, residual fungicides can enter plants by diverse modes of action and then bioaccumulate in other organisms, making them a serious threat Abbreviations: EA-DSPE, effervescence-assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction; MRL, maximum residue limit; DLLME, liquid-liquid microextraction; ATP, attapulgite; ␤-CD, ␤cyclodextrin; M-␤-CD/ATP, ␤-cyclodextrin/attapulgite; IL, ionic liquid; IL-M-␤-CD/ATP, ionic-liquid-modified magnetic ␤-cyclodextrin/attapulgite; OFAT, one-factor-at-a-time; DAD, diode array detection; EF, enrichment factor; R 2 , correlation coefficient to human health [2,3]. To guarantee food security, the detection of these residues in food has received increasing attention, and the European Commission has set some maximum residue limits (MRLs) to guarantee consumer safety [4].…”