Dissecting the Largest National Ecosystem of Public Internet eXchange Points in Brazil

Brito, Samuel Henrique Bucke; Santos, Mateus Augusto Silva; Fontes, Ramon dos Reis; Perez, Danny Alex Lachos; Rothenberg, Christian Esteve

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30505-9_25

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Deployment at ISPs therefore appears to complement the geographical reach of the IXP deployment, over a higher number of locations, but with relatively small deployment sizes at each location compared to IXP ones. Note the absence 6…”

Section: Usamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In strong contrast to the USA, IXP servers are only deployed at 3 locations on the South East Coast (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Porto Alegre) and at one location on the North East Coast (Fortaleza). In Brazil, Netflix has a limited IXP server deployment (in both locations and number of servers), despite a reasonably large number of available IXP locations (25 locations in total according to[6], in the USA Netflix uses 24 IXP locations (Section 4.1)). Deploying servers in IXPs has to be more cost efficient for Netflix due to economies of scale and a simpler contractual situation with fewer parties involved compared to ISP deployment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Open Connect Everywhere: A Glimpse at the Internet Ecosystem through the Lens of the Netflix CDN

Böttger,

Cuadrado,

Tyson

et al. 2016

Preprint

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The importance of IXPs to interconnect different networks and exchange traffic locally has been well studied over the last few years. However, far less is known about the role IXPs play as a platform to enable large-scale content delivery and to reach a world-wide customer base. In this paper, we study the infrastructure deployment of a content hypergiant, Netflix, and show that the combined worldwide IXP substrate is the major corner stone of its Content Delivery Network. To meet its worldwide demand for high-quality video delivery, Netflix has built a dedicated CDN. Its scale allows us to study a major part of the Internet ecosystem, by observing how Netflix takes advantage of the combined capabilities of IXPs and ISPs present in different regions. We find wide disparities in the regional Netflix deployment and traffic levels at IXPs and ISPs across various local ecosystems. This highlights the complexity of large-scale content delivery as well as differences in the capabilities of IXPs in specific regions. On a global scale we find that the footprint provided by IXPs allows Netflix to deliver most of its traffic directly from them. This highlights the additional role that IXPs play in the Internet ecosystem, not just in terms of interconnection, but also allowing players such as Netflix to deliver significant amounts of traffic.

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Section: Usamentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Open Connect Everywhere: A Glimpse at the Internet Ecosystem through the Lens of the Netflix CDN

Böttger,

Cuadrado,

Tyson

et al. 2016

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Finally, Section VI concludes the paper and points to avenues for future work. 5 The peering affinity metric and findings from our first analyses were introduced in [3]. 6 https://github.com/intrig-unicamp/ixp-ptt-br…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analysis of the Largest National Ecosystem of Public Internet eXchange Points: The Case of Brazil

Brito

Santos

Fontes

et al. 2016

JCIS

Self Cite

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Abstract-Internet eXchange Points (IXP) have become an increasing research target when aiming at understanding the complex and evolving Internet ecosystem. IXPs are shared infrastructures where Autonomous Systems (AS) implement peering agreements for their traffic exchange and thus represent an interesting microcosm of the Internet diversity and a strategic vantage point to deliver end-user services.In this article, we provide an in-depth analysis of the largest set of public IXPs in a single country, namely the case of Brazil. The Brazilian public peering ecosystem counts with over 25 IXPs maintained by an overarching project called IX.br following a non-profit business model that facilitates multilateral agreements. The nation-wide peering initiative provides an appealing environment for innovation and fostering IP connectivity market practices. Without IX.br, access providers are limited in terms of coverage, performance, cost, and dependence on transit providers. The open and incentive-rich IXP approach can be regarded as an interesting development that may inspire other development countries as well as more established regional markets. Based on BGP data from all looking glass servers in IX.br, we provide insights into the peering ecosystem per IXP and from a nation-wide perspective by inspecting properties of the connectivity graphs and the IPv4 and IPv6 prefix distribution. We propose peering affinity as a metric well-suited to measure the connectivity between different types of ASes and overall found lower peering density in IX.br when compared to more mature ecosystems, such as AMS-IX, DE-CIX, LINX, and MSK-IX. When dissecting AS-level graphs we also observe the formation of IXP-enabled k-clique communities. As a final contribution, we have shared our 16 GB dataset along all supporting code to allow for new research studies by the community.

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“…Many countries-notably, Brazil-are taking impressive measures to reduce the likelihood that Internet traffic transits the United States [9-11, 14, 30] including building a 3,500-mile long fiber-optic cable from Fortaleza to Portugal (with no use of American vendors); pressing companies such as Google, Facebook, and Twitter (among others) to store data locally; and mandating the deployment of a statedeveloped email system (Expresso) throughout the federal government (instead of what was originally used, Microsoft Outlook) [8,12]. Brazil is also building Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) [7], now has the largest national ecosystem of public IXPs in the world [15], and the number of internationally connected Autonomous Systems (ASes) continues to grow [13]. Brazil is not alone: IXPs are proliferating in eastern Europe, Africa, and other regions, in part out of a desire to "keep local traffic local".…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing and Avoiding Routing Detours Through Surveillance States

Edmundson,

Ensafi,

Feamster

et al. 2016

Preprint

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An increasing number of countries are passing laws that facilitate the mass surveillance of Internet traffic. In response, governments and citizens are increasingly paying attention to the countries that their Internet traffic traverses. In some cases, countries are taking extreme steps, such as building new Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), which allow networks to interconnect directly, and encouraging local interconnection to keep local traffic local. We find that although many of these efforts are extensive, they are often futile, due to the inherent lack of hosting and route diversity for many popular sites. By measuring the country-level paths to popular domains, we characterize transnational routing detours. We find that traffic is traversing known surveillance states, even when the traffic originates and ends in a country that does not conduct mass surveillance. Then, we investigate how clients can use overlay network relays and the open DNS resolver infrastructure to prevent their traffic from traversing certain jurisdictions. We find that 84% of paths originating in Brazil traverse the United States, but when relays are used for country avoidance, only 37% of Brazilian paths traverse the United States. Using the open DNS resolver infrastructure allows Kenyan clients to avoid the United States on 17% more paths. Unfortunately, we find that some of the more prominent surveillance states (e.g., the U.S.) are also some of the least avoidable countries.

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Dissecting the Largest National Ecosystem of Public Internet eXchange Points in Brazil

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Open Connect Everywhere: A Glimpse at the Internet Ecosystem through the Lens of the Netflix CDN

Open Connect Everywhere: A Glimpse at the Internet Ecosystem through the Lens of the Netflix CDN

An Analysis of the Largest National Ecosystem of Public Internet eXchange Points: The Case of Brazil

Characterizing and Avoiding Routing Detours Through Surveillance States

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