Disposable screen-printed sensors modified with bismuth precursor compounds for the rapid voltammetric screening of trace Pb(II) and Cd(II)

Screen‐Printed Disposable Sensors Modified with Bismuth Precursors for Rapid Voltammetric Determination of 3 Ecotoxic Nitrophenols

“…Bismuth citrate has also been proposed as an alternative precursor in conjunction with the simultaneous determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by anodic stripping voltammetry [30]. In this work, these two bismuth precursor compounds have been used to modify screen-printed electrodes at 3 different loadings (2 %, 4 % and 6 % (w/w) in the printing ink.…”

“…Bismuth oxide has been the commonest insoluble bismuth(III) compound used for the modification of carbon electroders [27][28][29][30]. Bismuth citrate has also been proposed as an alternative precursor in conjunction with the simultaneous determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by anodic stripping voltammetry [30].…”

“…In this case, 4-NP, generated as a result of the action of an enzyme on a suitable substrate, is detected by oxidation of the ÀOH moiety. In the last few years, screen-printed electrodes bulk-modified with bismuth precursor compounds have been developed for trace metal analysis by anodic stripping voltammetry [27][28][29][30]; the bismuth precursor (an insoluble Bi(III) compound) is reduced at a negative potential at the electrode surface, essentially forming a thin film of metallic bismuth. These sensors can serve as alternatives to BiFEs and BiBEs since they are disposable, inexpensive, can be easily mass-produced and do not require neither a separate bismuth plating step nor any surface polishing/regenetation.…”

Green and facile electrode modification by spark discharge: Bismuth oxide-screen printed electrodes for the screening of ultra-trace Cd(II) and Pb(II)

“…Under optimum conditions, calibration curves (Fig. 4A) were linear over the concentration range of 0-12 μg L − 1 for each metal (R 2 = 0.997 and 0.996, respectively) while the achieved LODs (0.2 μg L −1 , S/N = 3) were significantly lower compared with the reported values for electroplated [15] or other bulk-modified SPEs [15][16][17][18]. The found interelectrode reproducibility of 10.2 and 8.9% for Pb(II) and Cd(II), respectively (n = 4, 10 μg L −1 of each metal), was deemed as satisfactory.…”

“…To avoid interferences from copper ions (Fig. 4B) forming intermetallic alloys with Pb and Cd [15], potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) was added into the water sample in 20 μM final concentration. A volume of 27.0 mL of this solution was mixed with 3.0 mL of 1 mol L −1 acetate buffer, pH 4.5, and then SW voltammograms before and after two additions of standard solutions of Pb(II) and Cd(II) (final concentration of 2 μg L −1 each) were performed (Fig.…”