Discrepancy from expectation in relation to affect and motivation: Tests of McClelland's hypothesis.

Verinis, J. Scott; Brandsma, Jeffrey M.; Cofer, Charles N.

doi:10.1037/h0025672

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…For fear, it was even found that episodes are especially short when the eliciting event is unexpected. These results contrast with previous findings on emotion intensity that unexpectedness leads to higher intensity levels (Ortony et al, ; Spector, ; Verinis et al, ). This is further evidence for the relative independence of intensity and duration.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

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The Relation between Appraised Mismatch and the Duration of Negative Emotions: Evidence for Universality

et al. 2013

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Emotions are processes that unfold over time. As a consequence, a better understanding of emotions can be reached only when their time-related characteristics can be assessed and interpreted adequately. A central aspect in this regard is the duration of emotional experience. Previous studies have shown that an emotional experience can last anywhere from a couple of seconds up to several hours or longer. In this article, we examine to what extent specific appraisals of the eliciting event may account for variability in emotion duration and to what degree appraisal-duration relations are universal or culture specific. Participants in 37 countries were asked to recollect emotional episodes of fear, anger, sadness, disgust, shame and guilt. Subsequently, they were asked to report the duration of these episodes and to answer a number of questions regarding their appraisal of the emotion-eliciting event. Multi-level analyses revealed that negative emotions last especially long when the eliciting event and its consequences are perceived to be incongruent with the individual's goals, values and self-ideal, creating a mismatch. These relations are largely universal, although evidence for some limited variability across countries is found as well.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…However, if the event is perceived as undesirable, because of a violation of one or more of the desired states as described earlier, unexpectedness may function as an amplifier of negative emotions (e.g. Ortony, Clore, & Collins, ; Verinis, Brandsma, & Cofer, ).…”

Section: The Relation Between Appraisals and The Duration Of Negativementioning

confidence: 99%

The Relation between Appraised Mismatch and the Duration of Negative Emotions: Evidence for Universality

et al. 2013

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“…Beyond the Covid-19 pandemic, our work is related to a small but growing body of literature on the use of data science in understanding human emotion and risk perception. In such work, natural language analysis has succeeded in supporting established linguistic theories such as the importance of the distribution of words in a vocabulary as a proxy for knowledge (Harris 1954), and regarding the relation between the uncertainty of events and the emotional response to their outcome (Feather 1963;Verinis et al 1968). For instance, using textual data from Twitter, Bhatia found that unexpected events elicit higher affective responses than those which are expected (Bhatia et al 2019).…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public risk perception and emotion on Twitter during the Covid-19 pandemic

Dyer

Kolic

2020

Appl Netw Sci

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Successful navigation of the Covid-19 pandemic is predicated on public cooperation with safety measures and appropriate perception of risk, in which emotion and attention play important roles. Signatures of public emotion and attention are present in social media data, thus natural language analysis of this text enables near-to-real-time monitoring of indicators of public risk perception. We compare key epidemiological indicators of the progression of the pandemic with indicators of the public perception of the pandemic constructed from $$\sim 20$$ ∼ 20 million unique Covid-19-related tweets from 12 countries posted between 10th March and 14th June 2020. We find evidence of psychophysical numbing: Twitter users increasingly fixate on mortality, but in a decreasingly emotional and increasingly analytic tone. Semantic network analysis based on word co-occurrences reveals changes in the emotional framing of Covid-19 casualties that are consistent with this hypothesis. We also find that the average attention afforded to national Covid-19 mortality rates is modelled accurately with the Weber–Fechner and power law functions of sensory perception. Our parameter estimates for these models are consistent with estimates from psychological experiments, and indicate that users in this dataset exhibit differential sensitivity by country to the national Covid-19 death rates. Our work illustrates the potential utility of social media for monitoring public risk perception and guiding public communication during crisis scenarios.

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“…How do we feel when a favored political candidate loses an election or a home team beats last year’s champion? A key determinant of our affective responses is our beliefs about the event, with unexpected events leading to more intense affective responses than expected events [1–3]. When evaluating an event, we compare the outcome of the event to a reference point.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective responses to uncertain real-world outcomes: Sentiment change on Twitter

2019

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We use data from Twitter.com to study the interplay between affect and expectations about uncertain outcomes. In two studies, we obtained tweets about candidates in the 2014 US Senate elections and tweets about National Football League (NFL) teams in the 2014/2015 NFL season. We chose these events because a) their outcomes are highly uncertain and b) they attract a lot of attention and feature heavily in the communication on social media. We also obtained a priori expectations for the events from political forecasting and sport betting websites. Using this quasi-experimental design, we found that unexpected events are associated with more intense affect than expected events. Moreover, the effect of expectations is larger for outcomes that fall below expectations than outcomes that exceed expectations. Our results are consistent with fundamental principles in psychological science, such as reference-dependence in experienced affect. We discuss how naturally occurring online data can be used to test psychological predictions and develop novel psychological insights.

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Discrepancy from expectation in relation to affect and motivation: Tests of McClelland's hypothesis.

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

The Relation between Appraised Mismatch and the Duration of Negative Emotions: Evidence for Universality

The Relation between Appraised Mismatch and the Duration of Negative Emotions: Evidence for Universality

Public risk perception and emotion on Twitter during the Covid-19 pandemic

Affective responses to uncertain real-world outcomes: Sentiment change on Twitter

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