Directional dependence of the mechanical properties of aged paper

Leheny, Sophie; Robbins, Thomas C.; Robbins, Catherine K.; Zhou, Fangyi; Hall, Andreia; McGath, Molly; Pasternack, Louise; Wallace, Jay S.; O'Connor, Thomas; McGuiggan, Patricia

doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2021.104036

“…The enhanced model formulation further uses a hygro-mechanical constitutive law that incorporates the dependency of the elastic properties of paper fibers on the moisture content [29,30,31,32]. It also includes a sophisticated geometrical description of the fibrous network, by accounting for an anisotropic fiber orientation distribution that may originate from the paper production process [33,1,34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemo-mechanical ageing of paper: effect of acidity, moisture and micro-structural features

Sadr,

Maraghechi,

Suiker

et al. 2024

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A multi-scale modeling framework is proposed for the prediction of the chemo-mechanical degradation of paper, with the particular aim of uncovering the key factors affecting the degradation process. Paper is represented as a two-dimensional, periodic repetition of a fibrous network unit cell, where the fibers are characterized by a moisture-dependent chemo-hygro-mechanical constitutive behavior. The degradation of paper occurs primarily as a result of the hydrolysis of cellulose, which causes a reduction of the degree of polymerization and a consequent decrease of the effective mechanical properties, ultimately leading to fiber embrittlement and a loss of material integrity. The interplay between the acidity of the paper, the ambient environmental conditions, and its chemo-mechanical degradation behaviour is a complex process. In the model, these interactions are accounted for by determining the coupled temporal evolution of the degree of polymerization, the acidity of the paper, and the moisture content, from which the time-dependent tensile strength of the paper is calculated. The internal stresses developing in the fibrous network under a change in moisture content lead to brittle fiber fracture once they reach the fiber tensile strength. The successive breakage of individual fibers results in damage development in the fibrous network, altering its effective constitutive properties. The temporal evolution of the effective hygro-mechanical properties of the fibrous network is calculated by employing asymptotic homogenization. For obtaining accurate model input, the strength and stiffness properties of individual fibers and the degree of polymerization of paper samples are measured at different ageing times by carrying out dedicated experiments. Subsequently, a series of numerical simulations is performed to analyze the chemo-mechanical degradation process of paper, highlighting the influence of the time-evolving acidity and moisture content. The numerical study further considers the effects of micro-structural features (i.e., the anisotropy of the fibrous network orientation and the fiber longitudinal elastic modulus) on the macroscopic degradation response of paper. The results of this work may help conservators of cultural heritage institutions determining optimal environmental conditions to limit or delay the time-dependent degradation of valuable historical paper artefacts.

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“…The enhanced model formulation further uses a hygro-mechanical constitutive law that incorporates the dependency of the elastic properties of paper fibers on the moisture content (Nissan 1976;Linvill and Östlund 2014;Jajcinovic et al 2018;Urstöger et al 2020). It also includes a sophisticated geometrical description of the fibrous network, by accounting for an anisotropic fiber orientation distribution that may originate from the paper production process (Caulfield 1988;Strliç and Kolar 2005;Leheny et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemo-mechanical ageing of paper: effect of acidity, moisture and micro-structural features

Parsa Sadr,

Maraghechi,

Suiker

et al. 2024

Cellulose

1

0

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A multi-scale modeling framework is proposed for the prediction of the chemo-mechanical degradation of paper, with the particular aim of uncovering the key factors affecting the degradation process. Paper is represented as a two-dimensional, periodic repetition of a fibrous network unit cell, where the fibers are characterized by a moisture-dependent chemo-hygro-mechanical constitutive behavior. The degradation of paper occurs primarily as a result of the hydrolysis of cellulose, which causes a reduction of the degree of polymerization and a consequent decrease of the effective mechanical properties, ultimately leading to fiber embrittlement and a loss of material integrity. The interplay between the acidity of the paper, the ambient environmental conditions, and its chemo-mechanical degradation behaviour is a complex process. In the model, these interactions are accounted for by determining the coupled temporal evolution of the degree of polymerization, the acidity of the paper, and the moisture content, from which the time-dependent tensile strength of the paper is calculated. The internal stresses developing in the fibrous network under a change in moisture content lead to brittle fiber fracture once they reach the fiber tensile strength. The successive breakage of individual fibers results in damage development in the fibrous network, altering its effective constitutive properties. The temporal evolution of the effective hygro-mechanical properties of the fibrous network is calculated by employing asymptotic homogenization. For obtaining accurate model input, the strength and stiffness properties of individual fibers and the degree of polymerization of paper samples are measured at different ageing times by carrying out dedicated experiments. Subsequently, a series of numerical simulations is performed to analyze the chemo-mechanical degradation process of paper, highlighting the influence of the time-evolving acidity and moisture content. The numerical study further considers the effects of micro-structural features (i.e., the anisotropy of the fibrous network orientation and the fiber longitudinal elastic modulus) on the macroscopic degradation response of paper. The results of this work may help conservators of cultural heritage institutions determining optimal environmental conditions to limit or delay the time-dependent degradation of valuable historical paper artefacts.

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Relationship between chemical and mechanical degradation of aged paper: fibre versus fibre–fibre bonds

Vibert,

Dupont,

Dirrenberger

et al. 2024

Cellulose

1

0

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Directional dependence of the mechanical properties of aged paper

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

Chemo-mechanical ageing of paper: effect of acidity, moisture and micro-structural features

Chemo-mechanical ageing of paper: effect of acidity, moisture and micro-structural features

Chemo-mechanical ageing of paper: effect of acidity, moisture and micro-structural features

Relationship between chemical and mechanical degradation of aged paper: fibre versus fibre–fibre bonds

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