Direct synthesis of fatty acid alkanolamides and fatty acid alkyl esters from high free fatty acid containing triglycerides as lubricity improvers using heterogeneous catalyst

Mg–Fe mixed oxides as solid base catalysts for the transesterification of microalgae oil

“…The vegetable oil fuels are not acceptable because they are 8 more expensive than petroleum fuels. 2,4 Biodiesel is produced from any fat or oil 11 through a process called transesterification, and biodiesel from microalgae oil has been 12 demonstrated in our previous works. 2,4 Biodiesel is produced from any fat or oil 11 through a process called transesterification, and biodiesel from microalgae oil has been 12 demonstrated in our previous works.…”

“…[6][7][8] Moreover, solid catalysts can be recycled for reutilization and 15 avoid serious contamination problems. [9][10][11] In particular, hydrotalcites (LDH) are potentially interesting catalysts for the 17 transesterification since they are recognized as adaptable solid base catalysts with high 18 catalytic activity. [9][10][11] In particular, hydrotalcites (LDH) are potentially interesting catalysts for the 17 transesterification since they are recognized as adaptable solid base catalysts with high 18 catalytic activity.…”

“…19 6 LDH have been often synthesized by so-called co-precipitation method, but the drawback of 7 the method is the instantaneous pH value which is certainly different to precipitate 8 homogeneously no matter how fast the stirring speed is. [22][23][24] Precipitation is carried out in a homogeneous solution using the 11 temperature-controlled hydrolysis of urea, which lead to a slow increase in the pH value. [22][23][24] Precipitation is carried out in a homogeneous solution using the 11 temperature-controlled hydrolysis of urea, which lead to a slow increase in the pH value.…”

“…6 To investigate Mg-Fe LDH precursors formation process, a titration behavior of 7 Mg(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) and Fe(NO 3 ) 3 (aq) mixed solution with a molar ratio of Mg to Fe as 3:1 against 8 NaOH solution was investigated respectively using co-precipitation method (see detailed 9 information in Fig. 30 Each single metal salt solution yields one pH plateau 11 corresponding to the precipitation of its respective hydroxides. 30 Each single metal salt solution yields one pH plateau 11 corresponding to the precipitation of its respective hydroxides.…”

“…The physico-chemical properties of the precursors 6 and catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, ICP-AES and CO 2 -TPD in order to clarify 7 the relationship between the properties and catalytic performance. 10 2 Experimental 11 12 Refined microalgae oil (acid value 0.2 mg KOH·g [oil] −1 ; water content 0.08 wt%) was from 13 (Chlorella protothecoides CS-41) stored in our laboratory. 10 2 Experimental 11 12 Refined microalgae oil (acid value 0.2 mg KOH·g [oil] −1 ; water content 0.08 wt%) was from 13 (Chlorella protothecoides CS-41) stored in our laboratory.…”