Direct reduction of iron in low temperature hydrogen plasma

Rajput, Priyanka; Sabat, Kali Charan; Paramguru, R. K.; Bhoi, Bhagyadhar; Mishra, B.K.

doi:10.1179/1743281214y.0000000186

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In search for some low-carbon footprint technologies, hydrogen (H2) has been found as the most suitable candidate to replace carbon [1,[4][5]. H2 is the strongest candidate because it possesses thermodynamic and kinetic advantages [1,4,[14][15][16][17][18][19][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] compared to CO2. Also, the reduction product is environmental friendly water (H2O) and a very low quantity of H2 consumed per tonne of iron.…”

Section: Low-carbon Footprint Technology -Hydrogen Gasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physics and Chemistry of Solid State Direct Reduction of Iron Ore by Hydrogen Plasma

Sabat

2021

Phys. Chem. Solid St.

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Presently, Iron is produced from iron ores by using carbon from coal. The production process is consisting of many stages. The involvement of multi-stages needs high capital investments, large-scale equipments, and produces large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) responsible for environmental pollution. There have been significant efforts to replace carbon with hydrogen (H2). Although H2 is the strongest reductant, it still also has thermodynamic and kinetic limitations. However, these thermodynamic and kinetic limitations could be removed by hydrogen plasma (HP). HP comprises rovibrationally excited molecular, atomic, and ionic states of hydrogen. All of them contribute to thermodynamic advantage by making the Gibbs standard free energy more negative, which makes the reduction of iron oxides feasible at low temperatures. Apart from the thermodynamic advantage, these excited species increase the internal energy of HP, which reduces the activation energy, thereby making the reduction easier and faster. Apart from the thermodynamic and kinetic advantage of HP, the byproduct of the reaction is environmentally benign water. This review discusses the physics and chemistry of iron ore reduction using HP, emphasizing the solid-state reduction of iron ore. HP reduction of iron ore is a high potential and attractive reduction process.

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Section: Low-carbon Footprint Technology -Hydrogen Gasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physics and Chemistry of Solid State Direct Reduction of Iron Ore by Hydrogen Plasma

Sabat

2021

Phys. Chem. Solid St.

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“…Non-thermal hydrogen plasma generated by microwave power source (2.45 GHz frequency) has been used for the reduction of hematite ore sample. The effect of different process parameters like hydrogen gas flow, microwave power, chamber pressure, microwave power density and temperature on the reduction of hematite are studied in details [2,3]. The same research group used low temperature hydrogen plasma for reduction of cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 ) and optimized different process parameters [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, the microwave plasma system as reported in [3,4] is used for the reduction of Fe 2 O 3 (99.99 % pure) sample. In the plasma system, an optical emission spectroscope (OES) for in situ monitoring of plasma based reduction process is introduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Hydrogen Plasma Reduction of Oxides by Na D Lines

Das

Rajput

et al. 2016

Plasma Chem Plasma Process

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Out of many applications of hydrogen plasma, reduction of metal oxides is an important one. The reduction can be carried out using carbon or hydrogen. While carrying out the reduction of hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) in hydrogen plasma, an attempt was made to characterize the hydrogen plasma by optical emission spectroscopy. The spectroscopic results provide some new and useful information. In addition to the hydrogen emission lines, two prominent lines at 589 and 589.6 nm were observed. These two lines are confirmed to be sodium D1 and D2 (Na D lines) by comparing with a low pressure sodium vapour lamp (LPSVL). The source of the trace amount of sodium is also confirmed to be from the metal oxide sample as an impurity. These lines are found to be very sensitive to various process parameters such as gas flow rate, microwave power, and reduction chamber pressure. The temporal variation of these two Na D lines also shows a characteristic trend during metal oxide reduction in hydrogen plasma. The weight loss and the X-ray diffraction analyses of reduced Fe 2 O 3 sample for different time duration provides the evidence of correlation with Na D lines' intensity trend. This trend can be used to monitor the state and completion of hydrogen plasma based reduction reaction. In processes where Na is not associated with metal oxide, trace amount of Na in its molecular form such as NaOH can be introduced for monitoring the plasma process parameters as well as the plasma based reduction process.

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“…Recently, some studies were made using low-temperature hydrogen plasma for reduction of iron oxide [9][10][11] and cobalt oxide [12]. In both the cases, successful reduction took place with a decrease in activation energy due to the presence of activated species in hydrogen plasma.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of Copper Oxide by Low-Temperature Hydrogen Plasma

Sabat

Paramguru

Mishra

2016

Plasma Chem Plasma Process

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The paper presents experimental results of reduction of cupric oxide (CuO) by low-temperature hydrogen plasma in a microwave-assisted plasma set-up. The experiments were carried out at low microwave powers in the range of 600-750 W and low hydrogen flow rates in the range of 0.833 9 10 -6 to 2.5 9 10 -6 m 3 s -1 . In all the experiments for reduction of CuO with hydrogen plasma, an initial induction period was observed in the kinetic plots. The induction period decreases with increase in pressure or temperature. The induction period leads to the formation of active sites for adsorption of H 2 . After the induction period, fast autocatalytic reduction takes place followed by a sluggish period towards the end. The reduction process proceeds in sequential steps through the formation of sub-oxides. The kinetic data fits the Avrami-Erofeev equation with 'n' value close to 3. The resultant activation energy measured during hydrogen plasma processing is around 75.64 kJ mol -1 . This is lower compared to activation energies measured by other methods of reduction indicating a clear advantage.

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Direct reduction of iron in low temperature hydrogen plasma

Cited by 30 publications

References 9 publications

Physics and Chemistry of Solid State Direct Reduction of Iron Ore by Hydrogen Plasma

Physics and Chemistry of Solid State Direct Reduction of Iron Ore by Hydrogen Plasma

Monitoring Hydrogen Plasma Reduction of Oxides by Na D Lines

Reduction of Copper Oxide by Low-Temperature Hydrogen Plasma

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