Direct observation of Sn crystal growth during the lithiation and delithiation processes of SnO2 nanowires

Zhang, Liqiang; Liu, Xiao Hua; Perng, Ya-Chuan; Cho, Jea; Chang, Jane P.; Mao, Scott X.; Ye, Zhi Zhen; Huang, Jianyu

doi:10.1016/j.micron.2012.01.016

Cited by 52 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…[201][202][203] In fact, ex/in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), [208][209][210] XPS, 208,211 and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) 197 studies later on confirmed the partial re-oxidation of PTM to PTMO x , though only for the first cycle(s). With regard to the findings for pure conversion materials, reviewed in Section 2, it appears that the high diffusivity of the PTM in the Li 2 O matrix and the resulting emergence of extremely large PTM particles (up to a few hundred nanometer) [193][194][195][196][197][198][199] inhibit the formation of a continuous percolating electronically conductive network, which is required for the degradation of Li 2 O. However, it was also shown by in situ TEM that the application of, e.g., carbonaceous coatings can effectively suppress the formation of such large PTM crystals 212 and enhance the reversibility of the overall (de-)lithiation and, particularly, the conversion-type reaction (as indicated by the increased capacity at higher voltages).…”

Section: Energy and Environmental Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

Leveraging valuable synergies by combining alloying and conversion for lithium-ion anodes

Bresser

Passerini

Scrosati

2016

Energy Environ. Sci.

221

200

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Section: Energy and Environmental Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

Leveraging valuable synergies by combining alloying and conversion for lithium-ion anodes

Bresser

Passerini

Scrosati

2016

Energy Environ. Sci.

221

200

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“…14,55,[183][184][185][186] Pulverization is one of the most undesirable factors result in capacity fading and instability in cycling for Sn-based anode in LIBs. 183 The β-Sn NPs in the size range from 79 to 526 nm converted to crystal Li 22 Sn 5 phase without cracking or fracture after lithiation, but upon lithiation these NPs in this range of sizes could be induced and to form micrometer-sized Sn NPs where fractures were frequently observed.…”

Section: Achievements Of the In Situ Tem Electrochemical Technique Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review—Promises and Challenges of In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Electrochemical Techniques in the Studies of Lithium Ion Batteries

Xie

Jiang

Zhang³

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) electrochemistry with high-resolution characterization of morphology and microstructure is a powerful and practical technique to observe and analyze the lithiation and delithiation process of Li ions in the cathode and anode for comprehensively understanding the performance of Li-ion batteries (LIB), the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and the aging process during the investigation of LIBs. This review mainly focuses on the development and achievements of in situ TEM electrochemical techniques in investigating the mechanism of LIBs in recent years. Three types of in situ TEM electrochemical holders that are used commonly in the characterization of LIBs are presented. A calculation method for quantitative determination of the lithium diffusion coefficient (D Li ) in electrodes with in situ TEM electrochemical technique is also mentioned. Finally, the challenges, limitations, and future work for during application of the in situ TEM-electrochemistry technique are further discussed and reviewed from the perspective of morphology, influence of electron radiation on the decomposition of electrolyte, configuration of electrode, and determination of The heavy dependence on fossil fuels in modern society has brought serious environmental problems including air pollution, water pollution, CO 2 emissions, and global warming.1-3 These issues, as well as the foreseeable worldwide energy shortage, strongly demand renewable alternative sources and clean energy such as solar cells, hydroelectric power, and wind energy, which require advances in electrical energy conversion and storage technologies.4-6 Electrochemical devices such as batteries and electrochemical capacitors to store and restore electrical energy are possible solutions in the near-term because the conversion between electrical and chemical energy shares a common carrier (electrons).2,7-9 Moreover, compared to traditional batteries, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are more compact, portable, and have a high gravimetric capacity and power density, owing to the lighter molecular weight of lithium. 10,11 LIBs are widely used in present-day portable electronic gadgets such as mobile phones, laptops, tablet computers, and video camcorders, and the medical and aerospace industries for storing photovoltaic-generated dc electricity.12,13 Although possessing many advantages and in high demand, radical progress of such devices like LIBs has not been attained as yet because of their intrinsic complexity.14,15 There are many concurrent electrochemical, physical, and mechanical processes during their operation, 14,16 therefore, to enhance the overall properties of LIBs with high energy-density and long cycle-life, these aforementioned processes should operate in a predictable way across multiple environments.14 Until now, many basic principles regarding battery operation, including atomic conversion mechanism, electrode degradation, and evolution of electrolyte, are poorly understood.14 Recently, in situ electroch...

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“…This phenomenon has been widely observed for tin whisker growth in many other reports [149][150] . In contrast with a recent report on carbon coating on SnO 2 NWs 129 , the similar volume confinement has been seen with carbon coating on SnO 2 NWs but no tin nanocluster on the nanowire surface was observed.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 71%

“…In another study, Zhang et al 149 has reported that tin could precipitate out on the nanowire surface due to strain gradient and breaking of coating layer of LiAlSiO x .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable production and applications of metal oxide nanowires.

Nguyen¹

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Direct observation of Sn crystal growth during the lithiation and delithiation processes of SnO2 nanowires

Cited by 52 publications

References 21 publications

Leveraging valuable synergies by combining alloying and conversion for lithium-ion anodes

Leveraging valuable synergies by combining alloying and conversion for lithium-ion anodes

Review—Promises and Challenges of In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Electrochemical Techniques in the Studies of Lithium Ion Batteries

Scalable production and applications of metal oxide nanowires.

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