Direct medical and indirect absenteeism costs among working adult ADHD patients in the United States

Shah, C.; Onukwugha, Eberechukwu

doi:10.1080/14737167.2022.2073223

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…5 More recently, Shah and Onukwugha analyzed MEPS data from 2017 to 2018 and found that working adults with ADHD incurred $4328 more than working adults without ADHD. 46 Although their findings of the total costs of ADHD are higher than ours, this is likely due to the differences in inclusion criteria for their study sample, which was restricted to adults who were employed in the study year. Employment status has a significant impact of healthcare utilization and costs, with unemployed individuals less likely to visit physicians for preventative services and less likely to fill prescriptions.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…The estimated incremental costs of ADHD per person found in this study are consistent with previous studies conducted in the US, highlighting the continued impact of ADHD on medical expenditures. 45,46 In 2011, Hodgkins et al analyzed data from two large healthcare claims and productivity databases and found adults with ADHD incurred an excess of $2100.76 (adjusted to 2019-dollar) more in medical expense. 5 More recently, Shah and Onukwugha analyzed MEPS data from 2017 to 2018 and found that working adults with ADHD incurred $4328 more than working adults without ADHD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These findings are consistent with previous studies of adult and children/adolescent populations. 23,46 Although there are several treatment options for individuals with ADHD, pharmacological treatments, i.e. medications, are the most commonly utilized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medical Expenditures Associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among Adults in the United States by Age, 2015–2019

Witrick

Zhang

et al. 2023

J GEN INTERN MED

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Background Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a common disorder that affects both children and adults. However, for adults, little is known about ADHD-attributable medical expenditures. Objective To estimate the medical expenditures associated with ADHD, stratified by age, in the US adult population. Design Using a two-part model, we analyzed data from Medical Expenditure Panel Survey for 2015 to 2019. The first part of the model predicts the probability that individuals incurred any medical costs during the calendar year using a logit model. The second part of the model estimates the medical expenditures for individuals who incurred any medical expenses in the calendar year using a generalized linear model. Covariates included age, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic region, Charlson comorbidity index, insurance, asthma, anxiety, and mood disorders. Participants Adults (18 +) who participated in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey from 2015 to 2019 (N = 83,776). Main Measures Overall and service specific direct ADHD-attributable medical expenditures. Key Results A total of 1206 participants (1.44%) were classified as having ADHD. The estimated incremental costs of ADHD in adults were $2591.06 per person, amounting to $8.29 billion nationally. Significant adjusted incremental costs were prescription medication ($1347.06; 95% CI: $990.69–$1625.93), which accounted for the largest portion of total costs, and office-based visits ($724.86; 95% CI: $177.75–$1528.62). The adjusted incremental costs for outpatient visits, inpatient visits, emergency room visits, and home health visits were not significantly different. Among older adults (31 +), the incremental cost of ADHD was $2623.48, while in young adults (18–30), the incremental cost was $1856.66. Conclusions The average medical expenditures for adults with ADHD in the US were substantially higher than those without ADHD and the incremental costs were higher in older adults (31 +) than younger adults (18–30). Future research is needed to understand the increasing trend in ADHD attributable cost.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%