Direct and easily prepared nanocomposite impurity-free hydroxyapatite derived from CKD as an effective catalyst for trans-2-butene production

Utilizing Undissolved Portion (UNP) of Cement Kiln Dust as a Versatile Multicomponent Catalyst for Bioethylene Production from Bioethanol: An Innovative Approach to Address the Energy Crisis

“…The second mass loss step (15.58%), which is observed in the 250−600 °C temperature range, could be related to the elimination of residual nitrates. 4 The DSC curve of the UNP sample exhibited four endothermic peaks. The first step in the DSC curve (main peak) was located at 85 °C, related to the removal of the adsorbed water on the surface of the UNP sample.…”

“…The measurement of the mass loss resulting from THF desorption during thermogravimetric (TG) experiments from the acidic sites was employed to measure the total surface acidity, quantified as sites·g –1 . The estimation of the total count of surface acidic sites was achieved using eq : , total 0.25em no. of surface acidic sites false( site / normalg false) = moles of desorbed THF × Avogadro’s number false( sites / mole false) weight of TG sample 0.25em ( g ) For more details about characterization techniques, see the Supporting Information.…”

“…Figure 2 shows an XRD examination of the original CKD and the UNP sample from CKD for comparison. The XRD diffractogram of CKD as delivered, as discussed in our recently published research, 4 shows the three main constituents of CKD: tricalcium silicate or hartrurite (C 3 S) [Ca 3 (SiO 4 )O], dicalcium silicate or lamite (C 2 S) [Ca 2 SiO 4 ], and calcium hydroxide or portlandite [Ca(OH) 2 ], see Figure 2a. As shown in Figure 2b,c, the XRD diffractogram of the UNP sample calcined at 500 °C revealed the presence of five compounds.…”

“…Presently, the cement industry ranks as the third largest consumer of industrial energy, and its production is responsible for approximately 6–7% of global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions . The production of one ton of cement clinker results in the generation of approximately 54–200 kg of CKD, along with the release of 600–700 kg of CO 2 gas into the environment. , These data suggest that the situation is becoming more concerning and urgent action is required to address the issue. Currently, solid waste management practices are considered a crucial issue confronting all countries throughout the world .…”

Biodiesel production from date seed oil using hydroxyapatite-derived catalyst from waste camel bone

“…Once the catalyst is loaded with more catalyst, its hydrophobicity may alter. Examining the contact angle of water on pellets made from the appropriate catalyst powders is an easy way to test this theory [ 42 ]. Camels are prevalent in the Empty Quarter of Saudi Arabia, and their skeleton, could be exploited as a hydroxyapatite catalyst for the transesterification reaction.…”