“…Later studies showed epistemological beliefs to be multi-dimensional (Hofer, 2016;Schommer, 1990;Schommer et al, 1992;Schommer-Aikins, 2004), proposing a dimensional model. Although there is consensus on the existence of multiple more-or-less independent dimensions of epistemological beliefs (Hofer, 2016), a debate about the specific dimensions of the construct has evolved (Baytelman et al, 2016a(Baytelman et al, , 2016b(Baytelman et al, , 2020a(Baytelman et al, , 2022. Schommer (1990) proposed that epistemological beliefs should be described as a system of basically independent beliefs (epistemological dimensions), conceptualised as beliefs about the simplicity (related to the structure of knowledge), certainty (related with the stability of knowledge), and source of knowledge, as well as beliefs about the speed and ability of knowledge acquisition (Baytelman et al, 2020a;2022) While the dimensions of simplicity, certainty, and source in Schommer's conceptualisation fall under the more generally accepted definition of epistemological beliefs (known as beliefs about the nature of knowledge (simplicity, certainty) and knowing (source) (Hofer & Pintrich, 1997;Hofer, 2016)) the speed and ability dimensions are controversial because they mainly concern beliefs about learning (speed) and intelligence (ability) (Baytelman et al, 2020a;2022).…”