Differentiating Exogenous Psychiatric Illness From Schizophrenia

Report of the U.S. Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry

“…It was apparent in several cases (e.g., #6, #8) that a single florid episode of psychopathology resulted in a persistent diagnosis and treatment regimen long after the initial symptoms ceased to exist. This pattern had been previously noted by a Soviet psychiatrist publishing in the West (Kazanetz 1979). The effect of a patient's clinical course on the ultimate diagnosis was unclear.…”

Report of the U.S. Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry

“…It was apparent in several cases (e.g., #6, #8) that a single florid episode of psychopathology resulted in a persistent diagnosis and treatment regimen long after the initial symptoms ceased to exist. This pattern had been previously noted by a Soviet psychiatrist publishing in the West (Kazanetz 1979). The effect of a patient's clinical course on the ultimate diagnosis was unclear.…”

Lessons from history: the politics of psychiatry in the USSR

“…The Snezhnevsky classification ‘overextended the diagnosis of schizophrenia’ and this was demonstrated by a study by Kazanetz (1979). The case studies of 700 patients were reviewed and 312 were chosen for the study.…”

“…‘Such over‐diagnosis was primarily the result of adherence to the kind of criteria […] applied by the Moscow School for classifying the psychoses’. Patients whose diagnosis of schizophrenia had been confirmed using International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐8) criteria were found to have illnesses that followed a typical course for that diagnosis ( Kazanetz 1979). If correct, this means that tens of thousands of people's lives were affected by a misdiagnosis of schizophrenia that kept them on psychiatric registers for years and prevented them from obtaining a range of jobs or even having a driving licence.…”

The American Concept of Schizophrenia

“…An interest in determining the nature, severity, and outcome of schizophrenia in a worldwide setting led to the development of the International Pilot Study of Schizo-phrenia (IPSS; Wing et al 1974) and the United States-United Kingdom study (Kendell et al 1971). Multicenter collaborative research can be very useful for increasing sample sizes and enhancing diversity of perspective, but when well done, it also necessitates the design of standardized assessment instruments.…”

“…As the data comparing diagnostic practices around the world became available, it was clear that the United States (and the Soviet Union as well) were employing concepts of schizophrenia somewhat different from those prevailing elsewhere in the world. Specifically, their concepts were broader (Kendell et al 1971; Cooper et al 1972; Wing et al 1974; Kazanetz 1979). The recognition that the American concept of schizophrenia was probably too broad, and certainly out of step with the rest of the world, led to a reappraisal of its boundaries, summarized in a series of articles deriving originally from the Washington University group and presenting the first relatively narrow set of diagnostic criteria to be written for schizophrenia (Robins and Guze 1970; Feighner et al 1972).…”

Report of the U.S. Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry

“…It was apparent in several cases (e.g., #6, #8) that a single florid episode of psychopathology resulted in a persistent diagnosis and treatment regimen long after the initial symptoms ceased to exist. This pattern had been previously noted by a Soviet psychiatrist publishing in the West (Kazanetz 1979). The effect of a patient's clinical course on the ultimate diagnosis was unclear.…”

Lessons from history: the politics of psychiatry in the USSR

“…The Snezhnevsky classification ‘overextended the diagnosis of schizophrenia’ and this was demonstrated by a study by Kazanetz (1979). The case studies of 700 patients were reviewed and 312 were chosen for the study.…”

“…‘Such over‐diagnosis was primarily the result of adherence to the kind of criteria […] applied by the Moscow School for classifying the psychoses’. Patients whose diagnosis of schizophrenia had been confirmed using International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐8) criteria were found to have illnesses that followed a typical course for that diagnosis ( Kazanetz 1979). If correct, this means that tens of thousands of people's lives were affected by a misdiagnosis of schizophrenia that kept them on psychiatric registers for years and prevented them from obtaining a range of jobs or even having a driving licence.…”

The American Concept of Schizophrenia

“…An interest in determining the nature, severity, and outcome of schizophrenia in a worldwide setting led to the development of the International Pilot Study of Schizo-phrenia (IPSS; Wing et al 1974) and the United States-United Kingdom study (Kendell et al 1971). Multicenter collaborative research can be very useful for increasing sample sizes and enhancing diversity of perspective, but when well done, it also necessitates the design of standardized assessment instruments.…”

“…As the data comparing diagnostic practices around the world became available, it was clear that the United States (and the Soviet Union as well) were employing concepts of schizophrenia somewhat different from those prevailing elsewhere in the world. Specifically, their concepts were broader (Kendell et al 1971; Cooper et al 1972; Wing et al 1974; Kazanetz 1979). The recognition that the American concept of schizophrenia was probably too broad, and certainly out of step with the rest of the world, led to a reappraisal of its boundaries, summarized in a series of articles deriving originally from the Washington University group and presenting the first relatively narrow set of diagnostic criteria to be written for schizophrenia (Robins and Guze 1970; Feighner et al 1972).…”

Report of the U.S. Delegation to Assess Recent Changes in Soviet Psychiatry

“…It was apparent in several cases (e.g., #6, #8) that a single florid episode of psychopathology resulted in a persistent diagnosis and treatment regimen long after the initial symptoms ceased to exist. This pattern had been previously noted by a Soviet psychiatrist publishing in the West (Kazanetz 1979). The effect of a patient's clinical course on the ultimate diagnosis was unclear.…”

Lessons from history: the politics of psychiatry in the USSR

“…The Snezhnevsky classification ‘overextended the diagnosis of schizophrenia’ and this was demonstrated by a study by Kazanetz (1979). The case studies of 700 patients were reviewed and 312 were chosen for the study.…”

“…‘Such over‐diagnosis was primarily the result of adherence to the kind of criteria […] applied by the Moscow School for classifying the psychoses’. Patients whose diagnosis of schizophrenia had been confirmed using International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐8) criteria were found to have illnesses that followed a typical course for that diagnosis ( Kazanetz 1979). If correct, this means that tens of thousands of people's lives were affected by a misdiagnosis of schizophrenia that kept them on psychiatric registers for years and prevented them from obtaining a range of jobs or even having a driving licence.…”

The American Concept of Schizophrenia

“…An interest in determining the nature, severity, and outcome of schizophrenia in a worldwide setting led to the development of the International Pilot Study of Schizo-phrenia (IPSS; Wing et al 1974) and the United States-United Kingdom study (Kendell et al 1971). Multicenter collaborative research can be very useful for increasing sample sizes and enhancing diversity of perspective, but when well done, it also necessitates the design of standardized assessment instruments.…”

“…As the data comparing diagnostic practices around the world became available, it was clear that the United States (and the Soviet Union as well) were employing concepts of schizophrenia somewhat different from those prevailing elsewhere in the world. Specifically, their concepts were broader (Kendell et al 1971; Cooper et al 1972; Wing et al 1974; Kazanetz 1979). The recognition that the American concept of schizophrenia was probably too broad, and certainly out of step with the rest of the world, led to a reappraisal of its boundaries, summarized in a series of articles deriving originally from the Washington University group and presenting the first relatively narrow set of diagnostic criteria to be written for schizophrenia (Robins and Guze 1970; Feighner et al 1972).…”