Differential responses to somatic embryogenesis of different genotypes of Brazilian oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Assessing the influence of subcultures and liquid medium during somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in oil palm (Elaeis guineensisJacq.)

“…The results from this study agree with those obtained in a study with nine Brazilian oil palm varieties by Silva et al (2012), who witnessed compact primary callus formation in zygotic embryos as of 60 days of cultivation. In addition, these authors rated the varieties in two groups according to the different responses regarding primary callus formation, which varied between 10% and 80%, suggesting that differentiated responses may occur based on the genotype, where cultivation conditions are identical.…”

“…Extracting zygotic embryos took place with the aid of tweezers and scalpel, and they were immediately inoculated on Petri dishes containing MS (Murashige & Skoog, 1962) medium complemented with 450 μM picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), 30 g L −1 sucrose, 0.5 g L −1 glutamine, 2.5 g L −1 activated charcoal and 2.5 g L −1 Phytagel (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Once the embryos were inoculated, the Petri dishes were sealed with transparent plastic film and placed in the dark in the growth chamber, with temperature at 25 ± 2°C until the appearance of embryogenic calluses, characterised mainly by the formation of multigranular regions on the explants (Silva, Luis, and Scherwinski-Pereira (2012). The frequency of granular embryogenic callus formation was determined by counting the number of mature zygotic embryos forming callus out of the total number of embryos cultured on callus induction medium and multiplying the number by 100.…”

“…Hence, once isolated from the liquid medium the calluses were transferred to three different semi-solid culture media in order to assess the effect of submitting calluses to a liquid-consistency medium for differentiating somatic embryos, named M1: ½ MS complemented with 30 g L −1 sucrose, 0.5 g L −1 glutamine, 2.5 g L −1 activated charcoal; M2: MS complemented with 40 μM picloram, 30 g L −1 sucrose, 0.5 g L −1 glutamine, 1.5 g L −1 activated charcoal; and M3: MS complemented with 12.3 μM 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP), 0.6 μM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 30 g L −1 sucrose, 0.5 g.L −1 glutamine and 1.5 g L −1 activated charcoal. Those calluses not submitted to a liquid medium (control treatment) were transferred to M2 and M3 semisolid culture media, following the protocol by Silva et al (2012).…”

An improved protocol for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata) from mature zygotic embryos

“…In Cocos nucifera the transfer to medium with low concentrations of auxin and cytokinin addition, increased the number of differentiated SE (Fernando and Gamage 2000). Other studies have also reported this behavior, after reducing the concentration of auxin used in calli induction (Dias et al 1994;Huong et al 1999;Silva et al 2012).…”

“…The use of culture medium devoid of growth regulators has been cited in several studies with palm trees. Scherwinski-Pereira et al (2012) and Silva et al (2012) when using culture medium without added growth regulators and containing activated charcoal, obtained successful germination of SE in studies performed with the palms Euterpe oleracea and E. guineensis, respectively. The treatments used during induction, differentiation and synchronization/maturation of SEs were instrumental in the success of macaw palm germination and plant regeneration.…”