Different Effects of Premature Infant Formula and Breast Milk on Intestinal Microecological Development in Premature Infants

Abstract

Intestinal microecology has been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of many diseases through different pathways, and the intestinal microecology of premature infants is significantly different from full-term infants. Intestinal microecology in premature infants is affected by various factors such as gestational age, diet, antibiotic use. However, there are few studies focus on the effects of diet on intestinal microecological development in premature infants. This study explored the different effects of the formula milk (FM) and breast milk (BM) for the development of intestinal microecology in premature infants. The results showed that BM feeding increases the alpha diversity of the intestinal flora, however, FM feeding contributes to the increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the gut of preterm infants. The growth environment has an important influence on the β diversity of intestinal microecology, the genomic function, and the evolution of intestinal microecology in premature infants. The intestinal microecology in premature infants is significantly associated with gestational age and weight gain. This study explored the effects of feeding methods and growth environment on intestinal microecology in premature infants, and provided a basis for promoting the healthy development of premature infants.

Survey of effect of protein supplementation on body growth indices and immune system development in premature neonates with very low birth weight

“…However, there was no significant difference between Group B and Group C in this respect. It should be noted that the expected head circumference is to be 6 centimeters in healthy newborns in the first trimester of birth (2 centimeters per month) (1). At the end of this study, A 5, 3.5 and 1.72 CM increase was obtained in head circumference of infants in of essential amino acids such as tyrosine, cystine and histidine, which cannot be produced by the body itself (1).…”

“…The newborns born before the 37th week of gestation from the first day of the last menstruation are considered to be preterm by the World Health Organization (WHO) (1,2). The growing percentage of deaths in children under the age of 5 occurs during the infancy.…”

“…The growing percentage of deaths in children under the age of 5 occurs during the infancy. About 57% of deaths in this age group occur within the first month of life (1,2). The VLBW level is an accurate indicator for predicting neonatal death.…”

“…Poor post-birth weight gaining and low weight of newborns during discharge result in some complications. The growth and development of neonatal periods form the vital foundation for the entire childhood and life (1). Premature infants receive lower nutrients intake, especially protein levels.…”

“…A common strategy for enriching breast milk is the addition of fortified milk supplement (FMS) (5)(6)(7). When a premature baby can eat 120 cc/kg/day from his/her mother's milk, FMS that contains protein, calcium and phosphorus can be added to the breast milk (1). There are researches and evidence suggesting that immune systems in preterm newborns are less evolving and less advanced than full term neonates, and therefore the body may not show the necessary immune responses to environmental stimuli (8)(9)(10)(11).…”