Differences in the Effects of Anthocyanin Supplementation on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism According to the Structure of the Main Anthocyanin: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract

The effectiveness of anthocyanins may differ according to their chemical structures; however, randomized clinical controlled trials (RCTs) or meta-analyses that examine the consequences of these structural differences have not been reported yet. In this meta-analysis, anthocyanins in test foods of 18 selected RCTs were categorized into three types: cyanidin-, delphinidin-, and malvidin-based. Delphinidin-based anthocyanins demonstrated significant effects on triglycerides (mean difference (MD): −0.24, p < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (MD: −0.28, p < 0.001), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (MD: 0.11, p < 0.01), whereas no significant effects were observed for cyanidin- and malvidin-based anthocyanins. Although non-significant, favorable effects on total cholesterol (TC) and HDL-C were observed for cyanidin- and malvidin-based anthocyanins, respectively (both p < 0.1). The ascending order of effectiveness on TC and LDL-C was delphinidin-, cyanidin-, and malvidin-based anthocyanins, and the differences among the three groups were significant (both p < 0.05). We could not confirm the significant effects of each main anthocyanin on glucose metabolism; however, insulin resistance index changed positively and negatively with cyanidin- and delphinidin-based anthocyanins, respectively. Therefore, foods containing mainly unmethylated anthocyanins, especially with large numbers of OH groups, may improve glucose and lipid metabolism more effectively than those containing methylated anthocyanins.

Cyanidin 3-Glucoside Induces Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts through the Activation of β2-Adrenergic Receptor

“…In conclusion, this study discovered the stimulation effect of C3G on HGF productions in NHDF cells through the activation of PKA pathway possibly by targeting the β 2 AR. While we showed the potential importance of glucoside moiety of C3G for binding to β 2 AR, other chemical modifications of anthocyanidin are also of interest from the perspective of dietary intake 46 as well as the ligand−receptor interaction. Further studies on the pharmacological properties are warranted to assess the therapeutic potential of C3G and its chemical derivatives on tissue regeneration and wound healing.…”

Should We ‘Eat a Rainbow’? An Umbrella Review of the Health Effects of Colorful Bioactive Pigments in Fruits and Vegetables

“…Thirty-three of the n = 67 (49%) RCT MAs reported improved inflammatory, oxidative, lipid, or glycemic markers (e.g., adiponectin, apolipoprotein A1/B, CRP, fasting glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, LDL and HDL cholesterol, interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, triglycerides, see Table S8 for full list) [26,[101][102][103][104], as well as vascular reactivity (SMD 0.77; 95% CI 0.37, 1.16) [105] and BMI (SMD −0.36 kg/m 2 ; 95% CI −0.58, −0.13) [27]. No improvements were found for liver enzymes [106], uric acid, blood pressure [107], waist circumference [107], delayed onset muscle soreness [101] or vascular stiffness [105].…”

The Antiaging Activities of Phytochemicals in Dark-Colored Plant Foods: Involvement of the Autophagy- and Apoptosis-Associated Pathways

“…Blue, red, and purple anthocyanins extracts have traditionally been used as dyes and food colorants [ 11 ]. Anthocyanins are classified, based on the number of hydroxyl and methoxy groups attached to the brink, into six types: cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, malvidin, and petunidin [ 44 ]. Anthocyanins are absorbed through the stomach wall with an absorption rate of 10–22%, depending on their chemical structure, and their bioavailability is about 0.26–1.8% [ 45 ].…”