Differences in Clinical Activity and Medicare Payments for Female vs Male Ophthalmologists

Reddy, Ashvini K.; Bounds, Gregory; Bakri, Sophie J.; Gordon, Lynn K.; Smith, Justine R.; Haller, Julia A.; Berrocal, Audina M.; Thorne, Jennifer E.

doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.5399

Cited by 55 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Our findings also echo recent Medicare data from the United States, where American female ophthalmologists earn less and made fewer clinical billings than their male counterparts. 7 In this study, since we found that fees per service were similar between females and males, this disparity in income may be due to our findings of the longer duration of time females spent on consultations. We also found that females provided a higher number of paediatric consultations per clinician, which tend to be longer in duration than adult consultations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…1,2 In 2017, 21.2% of fellows and 35.1% of ophthalmology trainees were female in the Royal Australian & New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists (RANZCO). 3 Studies around the world have found that female doctors earn less than their male counterparts, even after accounting for number of hours worked, [4][5][6][7][8] and female ophthalmologists report doing less procedural work than their male counterparts. 9,10 Few studies have been conducted investigating the differences in practice patterns, social circumstances and remuneration between female and male ophthalmologists in Australia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences in practice of ophthalmology by gender in Australia

Rogers

Hall

2019

Clinical Exper Ophthalmology

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Importance The number of females practising ophthalmology is rising. It is known that practice patterns between female and male ophthalmologists differ. Understanding the differences will help to inform future workforce planning. Background To investigate the differences in clinical practice between female and male ophthalmologists in Australia. Design Cross‐sectional study. Participants Ophthalmologists participating in the Royal Australian & New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists workforce survey, and/or Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life survey, and those who made claims from Medicare Benefits Schedule Australia. Methods Combined analysis of de‐identified 2014 data from the surveys and Medicare Benefits Schedule. Main Outcome Measures Hours worked, service provision, remuneration and social circumstances. Results Female ophthalmologists provided 35% fewer services per ophthalmologist per year (2834 vs 4328) than male ophthalmologists. Female ophthalmologists received approximately half the annual income of male ophthalmologists; median self‐reported net personal annual income was AUD122 500 (interquartile range [IQR] 96 000‐225 000) for females compared to AUD245 000 (IQR 180 000‐365 000) for males (P = .01). The median self‐reported hours worked per week was 35.0 (IQR 28.0‐46.0) for females and 41.8 (IQR 36.5‐48.5) for males (P = 0.04). A higher proportion of females practise in medical subspecialties, while a higher proportion of males practise in surgical subspecialties. Conclusions and Relevance Female ophthalmologists earn less compared to male ophthalmologists after accounting for lower service provision and hours worked. Difference in income may be partially accounted for by higher total number of services and procedural services provided by male ophthalmologists. Understanding differences between female and male ophthalmologists will help to inform future medical workforce planning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in practice of ophthalmology by gender in Australia

Rogers

Hall

2019

Clinical Exper Ophthalmology

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“…9 Gender differences are apparent in ophthalmology careers as well, as female ophthalmologists submitted on average 936 fewer charges annually than males to Medicaid, even after accounting for time spent on clinical activity. 10 This difference resulted in females earning $0.56 for every dollar earned by a male in 2012 and 2013. 10 Female ophthalmologists also have fewer industry ties and receive less industry payments than male counterparts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 This difference resulted in females earning $0.56 for every dollar earned by a male in 2012 and 2013. 10 Female ophthalmologists also have fewer industry ties and receive less industry payments than male counterparts. 11 There is a need to expand the understanding of how gender may affect ophthalmology residency training.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Role of Gender in Ophthalmology Resident Evaluations

et al. 2020

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Background Gender affects various aspects of medical training. Prior research in surgical specialties has shown that female residents are given less positive feedback, granted less autonomy in the operating room, perform fewer procedures, and achieve competency milestones at a slower rate as compared with their male counterparts. Purpose The purpose of this research is to evaluate whether gender affects ophthalmology resident evaluations at a single institution. Methods Ophthalmology resident evaluations at a single residency program from 2010 to 2018 were reviewed. Data were collected on faculty gender, resident gender, and year of resident training. A linear mixed-effects model was utilized to analyze the degree to which differences in evaluation scores could be predicted from demographic data, while accounting for multiple sources of nonindependence of data. Results A total of 490 evaluations for 43 residents by 34 faculty were analyzed. Evaluations consisted of up to 23 questions graded on a scale from 0 (poor) to 9 (excellent). Female residents received marginally higher scores than male residents on average (coefficient of male residents = −0.2). Both male and female residents received marginally lower scores from male faculty than from female faculty on average (coefficient of male faculty = −0.21). Male faculty also appeared to have scored male residents lower to a greater degree than did female faculty (coefficient of male faculty by male resident interaction = −0.14), though this result was sensitive to model specifications. There was no significant interaction between year of resident training and gender. Conclusion In contrast to other procedural specialties, female residents appear to have been graded at a similar level or higher than male residents on average. Male faculty gave slightly lower scores to both male and female residents than female faculty did. Male faculty also may have graded male residents marginally lower than female residents to a greater degree than female faculty did.

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“…The event is not only a first for this journal but a first for any Clarivate Analytics Quartile 1‐ranked general ophthalmology journal, including Ophthalmology , JAMA Ophthalmology , British Journal of Ophthalmology and Acta Ophthalmology , none of which have ever had a woman Editor‐in‐Chief. Gender inequality in ophthalmology has been highlighted in multiple recent articles from different countries, in this journal and others, relating to a range of professional factors, including reimbursement, journal article authorship and general experiences in the workplace . Analysis and identification of the problem is the first step to addressing gender inequality, as promoted by the Athena Scientific Women's Academic Network (SWAN) initiative for gender equity in science (https://www.sciencegenderequity.org.au).…”

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confidence: 99%