Differences between co-cultures and monocultures in testing the toxicity of particulate matter derived from log wood and pellet combustion

Kasurinen, Stefanie; Happo, Mikko S.; Rönkkö, Teemu; Orasche, Jürgen; Jokiniemi, Jorma; Kortelainen, Miika; Tissari, Jarkko; Zimmermann, Ralf; Hirvonen, Maija-Riitta; Jalava, Pasi

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192453

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…By filtering particles out of the sample, exposure to the gaseous phase can be studied separately from the particulate effects. In vitro studies show that biomass combustion particles from several sources can cause cytotoxicity, inflammation and genotoxicity in several cell types [29][30][31][32][33]. We have reported similar responses in our previous in vivo studies [13,34,35].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Influence of wood species on toxicity of log-wood stove combustion aerosols: a parallel animal and air-liquid interface cell exposure study on spruce and pine smoke

et al. 2020

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Background: Wood combustion emissions have been studied previously either by in vitro or in vivo models using collected particles, yet most studies have neglected gaseous compounds. Furthermore, a more accurate and holistic view of the toxicity of aerosols can be gained with parallel in vitro and in vivo studies using direct exposure methods. Moreover, modern exposure techniques such as air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures enable better assessment of the toxicity of the applied aerosols than, for example, the previous state-of-the-art submerged cell exposure techniques. Methods: We used three different ALI exposure systems in parallel to study the toxicological effects of spruce and pine combustion emissions in human alveolar epithelial (A549) and murine macrophage (RAW264.7) cell lines. A wholebody mouse inhalation system was also used to expose C57BL/6 J mice to aerosol emissions. Moreover, gaseous and particulate fractions were studied separately in one of the cell exposure systems. After exposure, the cells and animals were measured for various parameters of cytotoxicity, inflammation, genotoxicity, transcriptome and proteome.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Influence of wood species on toxicity of log-wood stove combustion aerosols: a parallel animal and air-liquid interface cell exposure study on spruce and pine smoke

et al. 2020

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“…The tables also provide the conversion from mass of PM to mass of OC. The doses chosen for this study are relatively low compared to doses used in other in vitro studies, however endpoints and cell types are different [ 57 , 58 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of diesel exhaust particles on T cell differentiation and autoimmune disease

et al. 2018

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BackgroundExposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with increased incidence and severity of autoimmune disease. Diesel PM is primarily composed of an elemental carbon core and adsorbed organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and contributes up to 40% of atmospheric PM. The organic fraction (OF) of PM excludes all metals and inorganics and retains most organic compounds, such as PAHs. Both PM and OF increase inflammation in vitro and aggravate autoimmune disease in humans. PAHs are known aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands. The AHR modulates T cell differentiation and effector function in vitro and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of autoimmune disease. This study aims to identify whether the total mass or active components of PM are responsible for activating pathways associated with exposure to PM and autoimmune disease. This study tests the hypothesis that active components present in diesel PM and their OF enhance effector T cell differentiation and aggravate autoimmune disease.ResultsTwo different diesel samples, each characterized for their components, were tested for their effects on autoimmunity. Both diesel PM enhanced effector T cell differentiation in an AHR-dose-dependent manner and suppressed regulatory T cell differentiation in vitro. Both diesel PM aggravated EAE in vivo. Fractionated diesel OFs exhibited the same effects as PM in vitro, but unlike PM, only one diesel OF aggravated EAE. Additionally, both synthetic PAH mixtures that represent specific PAHs found in the two diesel PM samples enhanced Th17 differentiation, however one lost this effect after metabolism and only one required the AHR.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that active components of PM and not total mass are driving T cell responses in vitro, but in vivo the PM matrix and complex mixtures adsorbed to the particles, not just the OF, are contributing to the observed EAE effects. This implies that examining OF alone may not be sufficient in vivo. These data further suggest that bioavailability and metabolism of organics, especially PAHs, may have an important role in vivo.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-018-0271-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…However, highest black carbon concentrations are emitted during the flaming phase, while the char burnout phase typically emits large amounts of carbon monoxide but low, mainly inorganic particulate emissions (Kortelainen et al, 2018). Combustion conditions also affect the emissions of many toxic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) (Kim et al, 2013;Orasche et al, 2013), and are consequently strongly linked with the adverse health effects of the emissions (Bølling et al, 2009;Kanashova et al, 2018;Kasurinen et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photochemical transformation of residential wood combustion emissions: dependence of organic aerosol composition on OH exposure

Hartikainen¹,

Tiitta²,

Ihalainen³

et al. 2019

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Abstract. Residential wood combustion (RWC) emits large amounts of gaseous and particulate organic aerosol (OA). In the atmosphere, the emission is transformed via oxidative reactions, which are under daylight conditions driven mainly by hydroxyl radicals. This continuing oxidative aging produces secondary OA and may change the health- and climate-related properties of the emission. In this work, emissions from two modern residential logwood combustion appliances were photochemically aged in an oxidation flow reactor with various OH exposure levels, reaching up to 6 × 1011 s cm−3 (equivalent to one week in the atmosphere). Gaseous organic compounds were analysed by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS), while particulate OA was analysed online by an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and offline by thermal-optical analysis and thermal desorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Photochemical reactions increased the mass of particulate organic carbon by a factor of 1.3–3.9. The increase in mass took place during the first atmospheric equivalent day of aging, after which the enhancement was independent of the extent of photochemical exposure. However, aging increased the oxidation state of the particulate OA linearly throughout the assessed range, with ∆H:C/∆O:C slopes between −0.17 and −0.49 in van Krevelen space. Aging led to an increase in acidic fragmentation products in both phases. For the volatile organic compounds measured by PTR-ToF-MS, the formation of small carbonylic compounds combined with the rapid degradation of primary volatile organic compounds such as aromatic compounds led to a continuous increase in both the O:C and H:C ratios. Overall, the share of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in particles degraded rapidly during aging, although some oxygen-substituted PACs, most notably naphthaldehydic acid, increased, in particular during relatively short exposures. Similarly, the concentrations of particulate nitrophenols rose extensively during the first atmospheric equivalent day. During continuous photochemical aging, the dominant reaction mechanisms shifted from the initial gas phase functionalisation/condensation to the transformation of the particulate OA by further oxidation reactions and fragmentation. The observed continuous transformation of OA composition throughout a broad range of OH exposures indicates that the entire atmospheric lifetime of the emission, from fresh to shortly aged to long-term aged emission (representative of long-range transported pollutants), needs to be explored to fully assess the potential climate and health effects of OA emissions.

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Differences between co-cultures and monocultures in testing the toxicity of particulate matter derived from log wood and pellet combustion

Cited by 25 publications

References 41 publications

Influence of wood species on toxicity of log-wood stove combustion aerosols: a parallel animal and air-liquid interface cell exposure study on spruce and pine smoke

Influence of wood species on toxicity of log-wood stove combustion aerosols: a parallel animal and air-liquid interface cell exposure study on spruce and pine smoke

Differential effects of diesel exhaust particles on T cell differentiation and autoimmune disease

Photochemical transformation of residential wood combustion emissions: dependence of organic aerosol composition on OH exposure

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