Dietary salt loading impairs arterial vascular reactivity

Todd, Alwyn; MacGinley, Robert; Schollum, John Bw; Johnson, Richard J.; Williams, Sheila; Sutherland, W. H. F.; Mann, Jim; Walker, Robert

doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28645

Cited by 95 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Nonetheless, as indicated in the 7-day weighed dietary intake study, only 11% of subjects (n=70) consumed semiskimmed milk, and so we postulate that milk intake during this 15-year period was predominantly full-fat. Because of the proposed link between salt intake and arterial stiffness, 29 research to investigate any differential effect of dairy products based on their sodium content (particularly cheese) would be of interest. Cream appears as an anomaly throughout, and it is likely that this was attributable in part to it being treated as a dichotomous variable and thus had no graduation of intake as the other variables did.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Dairy Food Intake Predict Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Men?

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hypertension (DASH) trial, which revealed that a diet high in fruit and vegetables and low-fat dairy products (3 servings per day) was associated with lower systolic (SBP; 11-12 mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; 6-7 mm Hg). A recent systematic review by Ralston et al 7 summarized the evidence from 5 cohort studies investigating relationships between consumption of milk and dairy products and SBP/DBP or hypertension and concluded that consumption of these foods is likely to benefit blood pressure regulation.More recent evidence suggests that milk and dairy product intake may affect more markers of CVD than blood pressure alone, notably arterial stiffness. Gradual stiffening of the arterial system develops with age and can be influenced by chronic dietary and lifestyle exposures. 9 Aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) and augmentation index (AIx) are becoming recognized Abstract-Arterial stiffness is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease events and mortality, and like blood pressure, may be influenced by dairy food intake. Few studies have investigated the effects of consumption of these foods on prospective measures of arterial stiffness. The present analysis aimed to investigate the prospective relationship between milk, cheese, cream, and butter consumption and aortic pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as cross-sectional relationships between these foods and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and metabolic markers using data from the Caerphilly Prospective Study. Included in this cohort were 2512 men, aged 45 to 59 years, who were followed up at 5-year intervals for a mean of 22.8 years (number followup 787). Augmentation index was 1.8% lower in subjects in the highest quartiles of dairy product intake compared with the lowest (P trend=0.021), whereas in the highest group of milk consumption systolic blood pressure was 10.4 mm Hg lower (P trend=0.033) than in nonmilk consumers after a 22.8-year follow-up. Cross-sectional analyses indicated that across increasing quartiles of butter intake, insulin (P trend=0.011), triacylglycerol (P trend=0.023), total cholesterol (P trend=0.002), and diastolic blood pressure (P trend=0.027) were higher. Across increasing groups of milk intake and quartiles of dairy product intake, glucose (P trend=0.032) and triglyceride concentrations (P trend=0.031) were lower, respectively. The present results confirm that consumption of milk predicts prospective blood pressure, whereas dairy product consumption, excluding butter, is not detrimental to arterial stiffness and metabolic markers. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms that underpin these relationships. 10 making it an independent predictor of CVD events and all-cause mortality. 11-13Limited research has been conducted into the dietary determinants of arterial stiffness, although a recent meta-analysis called for more research into the role of fermented milk products. 9Evidence from a cross-sectional study suggests that dairy prod...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Dairy Food Intake Predict Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Men?

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…12 In addition, excessive sodium intake is thought to have direct toxic effects on blood vessels through mediating factors such as oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial cell dysfunction, and vascular stiffness. [13][14][15] The available evidence detailing the effects of sodium restriction in CKD patients is of poor quality, lacks randomization, [16][17][18] a control group, 17 or blinding, 10,11 or does not use gold-standard measurement techniques (e.g., using clinic instead of ambulatory BP). 10,11 Furthermore, several studies failed to either evaluate or adjust for the influence of key confounding factors, such as potassium intake or body weight, 10,11,[19][20][21][22] thereby making it difficult to assess whether the observed results can be solely attributed to dietary sodium.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Randomized Trial of Dietary Sodium Restriction in CKD

McMahon

Bauer

Hawley

et al. 2013

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

263

203

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There is a paucity of quality evidence regarding the effects of sodium restriction in patients with CKD, particularly in patients with pre-end stage CKD, where controlling modifiable risk factors may be especially important for delaying CKD progression and cardiovascular events. We conducted a doubleblind placebo-controlled randomized crossover trial assessing the effects of high versus low sodium intake on ambulatory BP, 24-hour protein and albumin excretion, fluid status (body composition monitor), renin and aldosterone levels, and arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity and augmentation index) in 20 adult patients with hypertensive stage 3-4 CKD as phase 1 of the LowSALT CKD study. Overall, salt restriction resulted in statistically significant and clinically important reductions in BP (mean reduction of systolic/diastolic BP, 10/4 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 5 to 15 /1 to 6 mm Hg), extracellular fluid volume, albuminuria, and proteinuria in patients with moderate-to-severe CKD. The magnitude of change was more pronounced than the magnitude reported in patients without CKD, suggesting that patients with CKD are particularly salt sensitive. Although studies with longer intervention times and larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these benefits, this study indicates that sodium restriction should be emphasized in the management of patients with CKD as a means to reduce cardiovascular risk and risk for CKD progression.

show abstract

“…A reduction of 3-g Na/d intake can improve endothelial function as assessed by using flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in the fasting state (9). Furthermore, dietary salt loading is known to impair measures of vascular function in hypertensive populations (10). Conversely, high potassium intake is associated with lower CVD risk and lower blood pressure (BP), particularly in hypertensive populations and populations with higher sodium intake (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of sodium and potassium supplementation on vascular and endothelial function: a randomized controlled trial

Blanch

Clifton

Petersen

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: It is known that increased potassium and reduced sodium intakes can improve postprandial endothelial function. However, the effect of increasing potassium in the presence of high sodium in the postprandial state is not known. Objective: We aimed to determine the effect of high potassium and high sodium on postprandial endothelial function as assessed by using flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and arterial compliance as assessed by using pulse wave velocity (PWV) and central augmentation index (AIx). Design: Thirty-nine healthy, normotensive volunteers [21 women and 18 men; mean 6 SD age: 37 6 15 y; BMI (in kg/m 2 ): 23.0 6 2.8] received a meal with 3 mmol K and 65 mmol Na (low-potassium, high-sodium meal (LKHN)], a meal with 38 mmol K and 65 mmol Na [high-potassium, high-sodium meal (HKHN)], and a control meal with 3 mmol K and 6 mmol Na (low-potassium, low-sodium meal) on 3 separate occasions in a randomized crossover trial. Brachial artery FMD, carotid-femoral PWV, central AIx, and blood pressure (BP) were measured while participants were fasting and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after meals. Results: Compared with the LKHN, the addition of potassium (HKHN) significantly attenuated the postmeal decrease in FMD (P-meal by time interaction , 0.05). FMD was significantly lower after the LKHN than after the HKHN at 30 min (P , 0.01). AIx decreased after all meals (P , 0.05). There were no significant differences in AIx, PWV, or BP between treatments over time. Conclusion: The addition of potassium to a high-sodium meal attenuates the sodium-induced postmeal reduction in endothelial function as assessed by FMD. This trial was registered at

show abstract

Dietary salt loading impairs arterial vascular reactivity

Cited by 95 publications

References 23 publications

Does Dairy Food Intake Predict Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Men?

Does Dairy Food Intake Predict Arterial Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Men?

A Randomized Trial of Dietary Sodium Restriction in CKD

Effect of sodium and potassium supplementation on vascular and endothelial function: a randomized controlled trial

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About