Dietary Salt Intake, Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption, and Obesity Risk

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association among dietary salt, fluid, and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and weight status in a nationally representative sample of Australian children aged 2 to 16 years. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the 2007 Australian National Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Consumption of dietary salt, fluid, and SSB was determined via two 24-hour dietary recalls. BMI was calculated from recorded height and weight. Regression analysis was used to assess the association between salt, fluid, SSB consumption, and weight status. RESULTS: Of the 4283 participants, 62% reported consuming SSBs. Older children and those of lower socioeconomic status (SES) were more likely to consume SSBs (both Ps < .001). Dietary salt intake was positively associated with fluid consumption (r = 0.42, P < .001); each additional 1 g/d of salt was associated with a 46 g/d greater intake of fluid, adjusted for age, gender, BMI, and SES (P < .001). In those consuming SSBs (n = 2571), salt intake was positively associated with SSB consumption (r = 0.35, P < .001); each additional 1 g/d of salt was associated with a 17 g/d greater intake of SSB, adjusted for age, gender, SES, and energy (P < .001). Participants who consumed more than 1 serving (≥250 g) of SSB were 26% more likely to be overweight/obese (odds ratio: 1.26, 95% confidence interval: 1.03–1.53). CONCLUSIONS: Dietary salt intake predicted total fluid consumption and SSB consumption within consumers of SSBs. Furthermore, SSB consumption was associated with obesity risk. In addition to the known benefits of lowering blood pressure, salt reduction strategies may be useful in childhood obesity prevention efforts.

Dietary Sodium, Adiposity, and Inflammation in Healthy Adolescents

“…28 In humans, greater sodium consumption has been linked to higher body weight, 3,4 possibly due to sodium' s effect on fluid intake because high sodium intake is often accompanied by high consumption of energy-dense foods and sugar-sweetened soft drinks. [5][6][7][8][9] By contrast, we showed that higher sodium intake was positively associated with several adiposity measures independent of intakes of energy and sweetened soft drinks, which echoes the recent findings in European children and adolescents. Libuda et al reported that a high intake of processed salty foods was associated with higher body weight status independent of energy intake and soft drink consumption.…”

“…1,2 In humans, greater sodium consumption has been linked to higher body weight, 3,4 possibly due to sodium' s effect on fluid intake because high sodium intake is often accompanied by high consumption of energy-dense foods and sugarsweetened soft drinks. [5][6][7][8][9] However, this may not always be the case because other studies have reported a positive relationship between dietary sodium intake and obesity independent of energy intake and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. [10][11][12][13] This apparent discrepancy may be attributed, in part, to differences in the population studied and the study design and instruments used.…”

Introduction of "Sugar Tax" in South Africa: Placebo or panacea to curb the onset of cardio-metabolic diseases?

“…(10)(11)(12)(13) Extensive reviews and metaanalyses have also been generated on the link between SSB consumption and weight gain and the bulk of these supports the direct association between SSB consumption and obesity, including the most recent meta-analysis. (14) SSB consumption can also, directly or indirectly, promote the onset of hypertension, (15)(16)(17)(18) dyslipidemia, (18,19) and impaired glucose tolerance (Figure 1).…”

Sugar and Salt in a Young Child’s Diet: Effect on Health

“…[33][34][35]. Кроме того, известно, что широ-кое использование сахаросодержащих напитков и про-дуктов фастфуд сопровождается снижением потребления детьми молочных продуктов и овощей [36,37].…”

“…При обследо-вании более 4000 детей в возрасте 2-16 лет была установлена прямая зависимость количества потребля-емой жидкости от содержания соли в рационе: каждый дополнительный 1 г соли повышал объем выпитой жидкости на 46 г/сут (p < 0,001). Эти дети в качестве питья использовали преимущественно сахаросодержа-щие, в том числе газированные, напитки, при этом их потребление в объеме более 250 мл/сут чаще (на 26%) приводило к формированию избыточной массы тела и ожирения [36,60].…”