Dietary Protein and Exercise Have Additive Effects on Body Composition during Weight Loss in Adult Women

Layman, Donald K.; Evans, Ellen M.; Baum, Joseph D.; Seyler, Jennifer; Erickson, Donna J.; Boileau, R. A.

doi:10.1093/jn/135.8.1903

Cited by 274 publications

(287 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…For example, resistance exercise or high protein diets may modify the proportion of weight loss resulting from body fat versus lean tissue. [38][39][40] A more comprehensive model of macronutrient metabolism and body composition change would be required to model such factors. 41 …”

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What is the required energy deficit per unit weight loss?

2007

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One of the most pervasive weight loss rules is that a cumulative energy deficit of 3500 kcal is required per pound of body weight loss, or equivalently 32.2 MJ kg À1 . Under what conditions is it appropriate to use this rule of thumb and what are the factors that determine the cumulative energy deficit required per unit weight loss? Here, I examine this question using a modification of the classic Forbes equation that predicts the composition of weight loss as a function of the initial body fat and magnitude of weight loss. The resulting model predicts that a larger cumulative energy deficit is required per unit weight loss for people with greater initial body fatFa prediction supported by published weight loss data from obese and lean subjects. This may also explain why men can lose more weight than women for a given energy deficit since women typically have more body fat than men of similar body weight. Furthermore, additional weight loss is predicted to be associated with a lower average cumulative energy deficit since a greater proportion of the weight loss is predicted to result from loss of lean body mass, which has a relatively low energy density in comparison with body fat. The rule of thumb approximately matches the predicted energy density of lost weight in obese subjects with an initial body fat above 30 kg but overestimates the cumulative energy deficit required per unit weight loss for people with lower initial body fat. International Journal of Obesity (2008) When energy intake does not meet energy requirements, the deficit is accounted for by metabolism of stored energy in the form of body fat, protein and glycogen. Since energy is conserved, the metabolizable energy content of the lost tissue is equivalent to the energy deficit required to produce that weight loss. The metabolizable energy density of the lost tissue is therefore determined by its chemical composition. Loss of body water results in a significant mass change, but contributes nothing to the metabolizable energy content. In contrast, the metabolizable energy densities of body glycogen, protein and fat are 17.6, 19.7 and 39.5 MJ kg À1 , respectively. 5 Recently, I developed a modification of the classic Forbes equation 3,4 predicting the proportion of weight loss accounted for by loss of lean body mass as a nonlinear function of both the initial body fat as well as the magnitude of weight loss. 6 On the basis of this equation, the energy density of weight loss can be predicted once the metabolizable energy densities for the lean body mass loss, DL, and body fat mass loss, DF, have been determined.The energy density of the body fat mass change, r F ¼ 39.5 MJ kg À1 is the same as the energy density of fat. It is important to note that the change of body fat, DF, is not equivalent to the loss of adipose tissue, which includes a variable contribution of fluid and protein in addition to triglyceride. 7,8 Rather, DF is the amount of endogenous fat metabolized by the body to meet the energy deficit. Similarly, the energy density of the lea...

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What is the required energy deficit per unit weight loss?

2007

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“…There is evidence that high-protein diets induce a number of favourable changes along with weight loss (reduction in body fat, improvement in lipidaemic and glycaemic profiles and resting blood pressure) (2,4) . The addition of exercise (aerobic and/or resistance) to a high-protein diet had additive effects on body composition during weight loss (5) .Despite the popularity of high-protein diets, few studies have investigated their effects on exercise performance (6,7) . These studies reported that a 7 d high-protein diet decreased endurance (aerobic) performance of recreational and trained athletes.…”

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“…Muscle glycogen is the major energy source during high-intensity resistance exercise, and glycogen depletion is observed earlier in fast-twitch than slow-twitch fibres (8) . Thus, the lower carbohydrate content of a high-protein diet may result in reduced pre-exercise muscle glycogen levels and precipitate fatigue during resistance exercise.Although resistance exercise is recommended to individuals on high-protein diets for additional positive effects on body composition (5) , the effects of a high-protein diet on strength * Corresponding author: Dr Konstantina Dipla, fax þ11 30 2310 992186, …”

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An isoenergetic high-protein, moderate-fat diet does not compromise strength and fatigue during resistance exercise in women

et al. 2008

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Resistance exercise is recommended to individuals following high-protein diets in order to augment changes in body composition. However, alterations in macronutrient composition may compromise physical performance. The present study investigated the effects of an isoenergetic high-protein diet on upper and lower limb strength and fatigue during high-intensity resistance exercise. Ten recreationally active women, aged 25-40 years, followed a control diet (55, 15 and 30 % of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat, respectively) and a high-protein diet (respective values, 30, 40 and 30) for 7 d each in a random counterbalanced design. Each participant underwent strength testing of upper limb (isometric handgrip strength and endurance) and lower limb (four sets of sixteen maximal knee flexions and extensions on an isokinetic dynamometer) before and after applying each diet. Body weight, body fat and RER were significantly reduced following the high-protein diet (P, 0·05). No differences were found between diets in any of the strength performance parameters (handgrip strength, handgrip endurance, peak torque, total work and fatigue) or the responses of heart rate, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, blood lactate and blood glucose to exercise. Women on a short-term isoenergetic high-protein, moderate-fat diet maintained muscular strength and endurance of upper and lower limbs during high-intensity resistance exercise without experiencing fatigue earlier compared with a control diet.High-protein diet: Fatigue: Resistance exercise: Handgrip: Women A considerable percentage of the population has reported using a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet for weight loss and/or maintenance (1) . Although low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets have produced favourable effects on body weight, they have raised concerns on health issues, since these diets are accompanied by increased fat and protein intake. Another criticism of these dietary plans was that they did not recommend physical activity as an integral part of weight loss (1) .Recently proposed high-protein diets advocate the consumption of lean protein sources and allow unrefined carbohydrates from fruits and vegetables. Such high-protein (35 -45 % of energy), low-carbohydrate (20 -35 %) and moderate-fat (, 30 %) diets (high-protein diets) have attracted much attention and are frequently recommended for weight loss and maintenance to individuals with obesity or diabetes (2,3) . There is evidence that high-protein diets induce a number of favourable changes along with weight loss (reduction in body fat, improvement in lipidaemic and glycaemic profiles and resting blood pressure) (2,4) . The addition of exercise (aerobic and/or resistance) to a high-protein diet had additive effects on body composition during weight loss (5) .Despite the popularity of high-protein diets, few studies have investigated their effects on exercise performance (6,7) . These studies reported that a 7 d high-protein diet decreased endurance (aerobic) performance of recreational and trained athle...

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“…The effect of protein:carbohydrate manipulation on cholesterol was inconsistent. While most studies found that HP and HC diets had no differential effects on total and LDL cholesterol levels, some have shown that either HP or HC diets produced better outcomes [67,73,74,86,87]. HP diets were also found to result in higher fasting glucose levels compared with HC diets during weight loss [82][83][84]87].…”

Section: Moderate Carbohydrate High-protein Low-fat Diets (~40% Carmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity Management in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Lim

Clifton

Noakes

et al. 2007

Womens Health (Lond Engl)

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Obesity and insulin resistance play an important role in initiating or maintaining ill health in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This implies that treatment that reduces body weight and insulin resistance would alleviate the symptoms of PCOS. Lifestyle modification has been found to be effective in restoring reproductive function in up to 80% of individuals who achieve at least 5% weight loss. However, long-term weight maintenance is a challenge. This article provides a review of reduced glycemic load diets, including low glycemic index, very low carbohydrate, high-protein and high monounsaturated fat diets, on metabolic and reproductive health in PCOS and non-PCOS populations. Dietary trials in non-PCOS women suggest that higher-protein, reduced glycemic load diets were probably more beneficial than the conventional low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet but further studies are required to confirm this in PCOS women. Similarly, the optimal exercise regime for PCOS women remains to be investigated.Obesity & polycystic ovary syndrome Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine conditions that affects obese and nonobese women during reproductive age. Its symptoms include irregular menses, infertility, acne and hirsutism (excessive hair growth). During pregnancy, PCOS probably also increases the risk of early miscarriages and complications such as pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes [1]. As a result of these physical manifestations, women with PCOS tend to have poorer psychological health and lower quality of life [2]. Increasing evidence also suggests that women with PCOS may be at greater risk of developing metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the long term [3,4].Owing to its heterogeneity, the diagnostic criteria for PCOS have been a contentious issue among experts. The 1990 National Institutes of Health (NIH) meeting defined PCOS as the coexistence of chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism, with the exclusion of other diseases such as thyroid disorder, hyperprolactinemia, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgensecreting tumors and Cushing syndrome [5]. In 2003, this definition was broadened to include women with either hyperandrogenism or anovulation in addition to having polycystic ovaries. Using the previous NIH definition, the prevalence of PCOS was estimated to be 5-8% of women of reproductive age [6][7][8][9]. This number is estimated to increase by 65% using the latest revised diagnostic criteria [10]. Obesity & fat distribution in PCOS womenIt is estimated that 30-60% of women with PCOS are overweight or obese in the Western world [7,[11][12][13][14]. Some suggest that the prevalence of obesity is higher in PCOS women compared with healthy controls [7,15,16]. In a study involving 3094 women, Glueck and colleagues found that approximately 73-78% of women with PCOS aged between 20 and 41 years were obese (body mass index [BMI]>30 kg/m 2 ) compared with 7-14% in the general population [16]. In addition to being potentially predisposed to obesity,...

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Dietary Protein and Exercise Have Additive Effects on Body Composition during Weight Loss in Adult Women

Cited by 274 publications

References 36 publications

What is the required energy deficit per unit weight loss?

What is the required energy deficit per unit weight loss?

An isoenergetic high-protein, moderate-fat diet does not compromise strength and fatigue during resistance exercise in women

Obesity Management in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

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