Dietary plant extracts modulate gene expression profiles in ileal mucosa of weaned pigs after an Escherichia coli infection1

Abstract

This study was conducted to characterize the effects of infection with a pathogenic F-18 Escherichia coli and 3 different plant extracts on gene expression of ileal mucosa in weaned pigs. Weaned pigs (total = 64, 6.3 ± 0.2 kg BW, and 21-d old) were housed in individual pens for 15 d, 4 d before and 11 d after the first inoculation (d 0). Treatments were in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement: with or without an F-18 E. coli challenge and 4 diets (a nursery basal, control diet [CON], 10 ppm of capsicum oleoresin [CAP], garlic botanical [GAR], or turmeric oleoresin [TUR]). Results reported elsewhere showed that the plant extracts reduced diarrhea in challenged pigs. Total RNA (4 pigs/treatment) was extracted from ileal mucosa of pigs at d 5 post inoculation. Double-stranded cDNA was amplified, labeled, and further hybridized to the microarray, and data were analyzed in R. Differential gene expression was tested by fitting a mixed linear model in a 2 × 4 factorial ANOVA. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted by DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.7 (DAVID; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [NIAID, NIH], http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov). The E. coli infection altered (P < 0.05) the expression of 240 genes in pigs fed the CON (148 up- and 92 down-regulated). Compared with the infected CON, feeding CAP, GAR, or TUR altered (P < 0.05) the expression of 52 genes (18 up, 34 down), 117 genes (34 up- and 83 down-regulated), or 84 genes (16 up- and 68 down-regulated), respectively, often counteracting the effects of E. coli. The E. coli infection up-regulated (P < 0.05) the expression of genes related to the activation of immune response and complement and coagulation cascades, but down-regulated (P < 0.05) the expression of genes involved in protein synthesis and accumulation. Compared with the CON, feeding CAP and GAR increased (P < 0.05) the expression of genes related to integrity of membranes in infected pigs, indicating enhanced gut mucosa health. Moreover, feeding all 3 plant extracts reduced (P < 0.05) the expression of genes associated with antigen presentation or other biological processes of immune responses, indicating they attenuated overstimulation of immune responses caused by E. coli. These findings may explain why diarrhea was reduced and clinical immune responses were ameliorated in infected pigs fed plant extracts. In conclusion, plant extracts altered the expression of genes in ileal mucosa of E. coli-infected pigs, perhaps leading to the reduction in diarrhea reported previously.

A soluble and highly fermentable dietary fiber with carbohydrases improved gut barrier integrity markers and growth performance in F18 ETEC challenged pigs1

“…The ETEC challenge in the current study increased mRNA levels of TLR4, CD14, and IL-8, indicating immune activation. These findings agree with Liu et al (2014) who reported upregulated mRNA expression of genes related to immune activation after an ETEC infection. The increased IL-8 mRNA with ETEC infection was also reported by Roselli et al (2007).…”

A soluble and highly fermentable dietary fiber with carbohydrases improved gut barrier integrity markers and growth performance in F18 ETEC challenged pigs1

“…The ETEC challenge in the current study increased mRNA levels of TLR4, CD14, and IL-8, indicating immune activation. These findings agree with Liu et al (2014) who reported upregulated mRNA expression of genes related to immune activation after an ETEC infection. The increased IL-8 mRNA with ETEC infection was also reported by Roselli et al (2007).…”

Effects of a Natural Polyphenolic Product from Olive Mill Wastewater on Oxidative Stress and Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets

“…The results of these studies are consistent with our results, as we found that the incidence of diarrhea was significantly lower in the treated group. In addition, several studies have shown that the addition of vegetable oils to the diet leads to an increase in BW and ADWG [26,56,57]. The present study confirmed these results, as piglets in the T2 group had higher BW and gained more ADWG.…”

“…Oxidative stress could thus lead to PWD, which is the main cause of a reduced growth rate [16]. Liu et al (2014) reported that the addition of PFA to the diet can act as an antioxidant and remove free radicals, which protects pigs from oxidative damage [26]. Our study confirmed the above results as shown by the decrease in the plasma concentrations of TBARS and CARBS between the control group (T1) and the experimental group (T2).…”

Impact of a Phytogenic Feed Additive on Diarrhea Incidence, Intestinal Histomorphology and Fecal Excretion of F4-Fimbriated Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Post-Weaning Piglets

“…Curcumin has been shown to reduce inflammation in the gut, which is crucial during the stressful weaning period [16][17][18]46,47]. In line with our results, some authors [7,13,15,48] reported that PFAs containing curcumin among other phytogenic compounds positively improved the intestinal mucosal barrier integrity, morphology and immune status of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic E. coli. Lastly, fenugreek, from the Fabaceae family, has been recognized for its antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-lowering effects [49].…”

A soluble and highly fermentable dietary fiber with carbohydrases improved gut barrier integrity markers and growth performance in F18 ETEC challenged pigs1

“…The ETEC challenge in the current study increased mRNA levels of TLR4, CD14, and IL-8, indicating immune activation. These findings agree with Liu et al (2014) who reported upregulated mRNA expression of genes related to immune activation after an ETEC infection. The increased IL-8 mRNA with ETEC infection was also reported by Roselli et al (2007).…”

Effects of a Natural Polyphenolic Product from Olive Mill Wastewater on Oxidative Stress and Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets

“…The results of these studies are consistent with our results, as we found that the incidence of diarrhea was significantly lower in the treated group. In addition, several studies have shown that the addition of vegetable oils to the diet leads to an increase in BW and ADWG [26,56,57]. The present study confirmed these results, as piglets in the T2 group had higher BW and gained more ADWG.…”

“…Oxidative stress could thus lead to PWD, which is the main cause of a reduced growth rate [16]. Liu et al (2014) reported that the addition of PFA to the diet can act as an antioxidant and remove free radicals, which protects pigs from oxidative damage [26]. Our study confirmed the above results as shown by the decrease in the plasma concentrations of TBARS and CARBS between the control group (T1) and the experimental group (T2).…”

Impact of a Phytogenic Feed Additive on Diarrhea Incidence, Intestinal Histomorphology and Fecal Excretion of F4-Fimbriated Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Post-Weaning Piglets

“…Curcumin has been shown to reduce inflammation in the gut, which is crucial during the stressful weaning period [16][17][18]46,47]. In line with our results, some authors [7,13,15,48] reported that PFAs containing curcumin among other phytogenic compounds positively improved the intestinal mucosal barrier integrity, morphology and immune status of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic E. coli. Lastly, fenugreek, from the Fabaceae family, has been recognized for its antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-lowering effects [49].…”

A soluble and highly fermentable dietary fiber with carbohydrases improved gut barrier integrity markers and growth performance in F18 ETEC challenged pigs1

“…The ETEC challenge in the current study increased mRNA levels of TLR4, CD14, and IL-8, indicating immune activation. These findings agree with Liu et al (2014) who reported upregulated mRNA expression of genes related to immune activation after an ETEC infection. The increased IL-8 mRNA with ETEC infection was also reported by Roselli et al (2007).…”

Effects of a Natural Polyphenolic Product from Olive Mill Wastewater on Oxidative Stress and Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Piglets

“…The results of these studies are consistent with our results, as we found that the incidence of diarrhea was significantly lower in the treated group. In addition, several studies have shown that the addition of vegetable oils to the diet leads to an increase in BW and ADWG [26,56,57]. The present study confirmed these results, as piglets in the T2 group had higher BW and gained more ADWG.…”

“…Oxidative stress could thus lead to PWD, which is the main cause of a reduced growth rate [16]. Liu et al (2014) reported that the addition of PFA to the diet can act as an antioxidant and remove free radicals, which protects pigs from oxidative damage [26]. Our study confirmed the above results as shown by the decrease in the plasma concentrations of TBARS and CARBS between the control group (T1) and the experimental group (T2).…”

Impact of a Phytogenic Feed Additive on Diarrhea Incidence, Intestinal Histomorphology and Fecal Excretion of F4-Fimbriated Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Post-Weaning Piglets

“…Curcumin has been shown to reduce inflammation in the gut, which is crucial during the stressful weaning period [16][17][18]46,47]. In line with our results, some authors [7,13,15,48] reported that PFAs containing curcumin among other phytogenic compounds positively improved the intestinal mucosal barrier integrity, morphology and immune status of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic E. coli. Lastly, fenugreek, from the Fabaceae family, has been recognized for its antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-lowering effects [49].…”