Dietary patterns and markers for the metabolic syndrome in Australian adolescents

et al. 2014

Nutrition Research

Epidemiologic studies have reported an inverse association between dairy product consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults, but this relation is relatively unexplored in adolescents. We hypothesized that a higher dairy product intake is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factor clustering in adolescents. To test this hypothesis, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 494 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years from the Azorean Archipelago, Portugal. We measured fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, body fat, and cardiorespiratory fitness. We also calculated homeostatic model assessment and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. For each one of these variables, a z score was computed using age and sex. A cardiometabolic risk score (CMRS) was constructed by summing up the z scores of all individual risk factors. High risk was considered to exist when an individual had at least 1 SD from this score. Diet was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire, and the intake of total dairy (included milk, yogurt, and cheese), milk, yogurt, and cheese was categorized as low (equal to or below the median of the total sample) or "appropriate" (above the median of the total sample).The association between dairy product intake and CMRS was evaluated using separate logistic regression, and the results were adjusted for confounders. Adolescents with high milk intake had lower CMRS, compared with those with low intake (10.6% vs 18.1%, P = .018). Adolescents with appropriate milk intake were less likely to have high CMRS than those with low milk intake (odds ratio, 0.531; 95% confidence interval, 0.302-0.931). No association was found between CMRS and total dairy, yogurt, and cheese intake. Only milk intake seems to be inversely related to CMRS in adolescents.

Section: Cardiometabolic Risk Scorementioning

confidence: 99%

Intake of milk, but not total dairy, yogurt, or cheese, is negatively associated with the clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents

Abreu

et al. 2014

Nutrition Research

“…As some authors have suggested [14], the estimation of a metabolic risk score (MRS) based on the sum of age-and-sex adjusted Z-scores of several metabolic risk factors constitutes a valid tool to identify children and adolescents at risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes [3,9]. Indeed, this approach allows the summari-zation of the cumulative risk that each of the risk factor provides into a continuous score encompassing the overall risk of each individual, and at the same time it accounts to some extent for the influence of growth and maturation on the cardiovascular risk factors [3].…”

Section: Metabolic Risk Scorementioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiorespiratory fitness is negatively associated with metabolic risk factors independently of the adherence to a healthy dietary pattern

Santos

Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases

et al. 2013

Background and aim: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and diet have been involved as significant factors towards the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases. This study aimed to assess the impact of the combined associations of CRF and adherence to the Southern Euro-pean Atlantic Diet (SEADiet) on the clustering of metabolic risk factors in adolescents. Methods and Results: A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted on 468 adolescents aged 15-18, from the Azorean Islands, Portugal. We measured fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, waits circumference and height. HOMA, TC/HDL-C ratio and waist-to-height ratio were calculated. For each of these variables, a Z-score was computed by age and sex. A metabolic risk score (MRS) was con-structed by summing the Z scores of all individual risk factors. High risk was considered when the individual had 2:1SD of this score. CRF was measured with the 20 m-Shuttle-Run-Test. Adherence to SEADiet was assessed with a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression showed that, after adjusting for potential confounders, unfit adolescents with low adherence to SEADiet had the highest odds of having MRS (OR Z 9.4; 95%CI:2.6e33.3) followed by the unfit ones with high adherence to the SEADiet (OR Z 6.6; 95% CI: 1.9e22.5) when compared to those who were fit and had higher adherence to SEADiet. Conclusions: Unfit adolescents showed higher odds of having high MRS, regardless of the adher-ence to SEADiet suggesting that high CRF may overcome the deleterious effects of low adher-ence to a healthy dietary pattern in adolescents.

“…There is a high prevalence of insulin resistance in obese adolescents (1) ; however, it is also important to investigate the possible role of dietary behaviours in relation to insulin resistance in healthy children and adolescents as well (3) . Identification and modification of potentially unfavourable dietary behaviours might be an easy-to-follow method for improving dietrelated health problems.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary patterns and breakfast consumption in relation to insulin resistance in children. The Healthy Growth Study

Karatzi

Moschonis

Barouti

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

Objective: Insulin resistance is a significant cross-point for the manifestation of several chronic diseases in children and adults. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible relationship of certain dietary patterns and breakfast consumption habits with insulin resistance in children. Subjects: A representative sample of 1912 schoolchildren (aged 9-13 years) participated in a cross-sectional epidemiological study, the Healthy Growth Study, which was initiated in May 2007 and completed in June 2009. Setting: It was conducted in seventy-seven primary schools in four large regions in Greece. Design: Dietary intake, breakfast consumption, anthropometric and physical examination data, biochemical indices and socio-economic information collected from parents were assessed in all children. Principal components analysis was used to identify dietary patterns. Results: A dietary pattern of increased consumption of margarine, sweets (candies, lollipops, jellies, traditional fruit in heavy syrup) and savoury snacks (chips, cheese puffs and not home-made popcorn) was associated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR; b 5 0?08, P , 0?001) in multivariate models. Children in the third tertile of this dietary pattern had a 2?51 (95 % CI 1?30, 4?90) times higher risk of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR . 3?16) than those in the first tertile. Breakfast consumption had an inverse correlation with insulin resistance, but the correlation lost its significance after adjustments for waist circumference, birth weight, parental BMI and socio-economic status. Conclusions: Increased consumption of margarine, sweets and savoury snacks, which is a common dietary pattern in childhood, was positively associated with insulin resistance, while breakfast consumption had an inverse association with HOMA-IR, in schoolchildren (aged 9-13 years). Identification of dietary behaviours that might affect insulin resistance in children offers valuable advice in cardiometabolic risk prevention strategies.