Dietary licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra ) improves growth, lipid metabolism, antioxidant and immune responses, and resistance to crowding stress in common carp, Cyprinus carpio

Abstract

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is widely reared in the polyculture system in Iran. In recent years, this species has reared in concrete ponds under high culture densities. Various aquaculture practices such as high stocking densities and crowding conditions can stimulate stress responses in cultured fish (Adineh et al., 2019; Xie et al., 2008). The stress response can elevate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause oxidative stress, immunosuppression and susceptibility to infectious diseases (Naderi et al., 2019; Tort, 2011). Also, aquaculture is under pressure to decrease the application of antibiotics due to the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and food security problems (Chakraborty & Hancz, 2011). Under these conditions, herbal products have been used as immunostimulants in aquaculture to avoid the careless use of dangerous antibiotics. Herbal products can be used in fish farming as alternatives to vaccines, chemicals and antibiotics to prevent and control diseases in fish (Citarasu, 2010; Galina et al., 2009). Thus, the potential use of herbal products as immunostimulants in aquaculture is a promising novel strategy and further studies are beneficial. Many herbal compounds as natural antioxidants inhibit the production of ROS and scavenge free radicals (Chakraborty &

Effects of dietary sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) oil on the performance, antioxidants and immunity welfare, and resistance of Indian shrimp (Penaeus indicus) againstVibrio parahaemolyticusinfection

“…The main benefit of using herbs materials/extracts as natural sources of antioxidants is enhancing the growth and health status of aquatic organisms via improving the physiological functions and modulating the innate immune system (Adineh et al, 2021; Daniels & Hoseinifar, 2014; Gholamhosseini et al, 2020; Ngo et al, 2020; Yousefi et al, 2021). In the present study, Indian shrimp fed on diets supplemented with BO performed better in terms of growth and feed utilization than the control group and the optimum growth was observed in at levels of 2.5–5.0 g BO/kg diet.…”

“…Farmers tend to increase the density of cultured animals in ponds to increase their production per unite area. This intensification may deteriorate the water quality leading to environmental stress, which could decrease the immunological response and induce opportunistic pathogens affecting the survival rate of aquatic animals (Adineh et al, 2021; Fazelan et al, 2020; Rajabiesterabadi et al, 2020; Yousefi et al, 2021). These bad conditions may also lead to outbreaks of disease causing massive mortality of cultured shrimp (Bondad‐Reantaso et al, 2012; Tinh et al, 2021).…”

Growth performance, immune response, antioxidant capacity and disease resistance against Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) as influenced through singular or combined consumption of resveratrol and two‐strain probiotics

“…The complement system is the acute‐phase proteins of the immune system that play an active role in initiating inflammatory, chemotactic and phagocytic responses (Sunyer et al, 2005; Xie et al, 2006). The level of serum complement activity depends to a large extent on the health and efficiency of the liver (Adineh et al, 2021; Jia et al, 2019). Therefore, this improvement may be due to the properties of hepatoprotective and the reduction in oxidative stress by the Pro and Res, which has previously been suggested by Gabriel et al, 2015; Kuebutornye et al, 2019.…”

Antioxidant and immunostimulant responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed with cherry stem extract

“…Similarly, Dügenci et al (2003) found no difference in growth performance of rainbow trout after feeding with mistletoe, nettle and ginger aqueous extracts. However, increased growth performance was observed in rainbow trout after treated with Viscum album (Yousefi,et al, 2021) and in carp after fed with Glycyrrhiza glabra (Adineh et al, 2021) and Cistus laurifolius (Bilen, Ali, et al 2021).…”