Dietary intake of phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) using Swedish food market basket estimations

Poma, Giulia; Glynn, Anders; Malarvannan, Govindan; Covaci, Adrian; Darnerud, Per Ola

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.011

Cited by 161 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Our measured median concentrations of PFRs (Figure 3) were comparable with the levels detected in edible insects and insect-based food for human consumption from our previous study (Poma et al 2017a). In the same way, the median contamination with PFRs and plasticizers in insect samples was similar between the EU, PRC, and JPN/SK, always dominated by aromatic-PFRs (see Figure S2) and DEHP, and was comparable with median levels measured in foodstuffs of animal origin from worldwide studies (Cariou et al 2016;Cheng et al 2016;Ding et al 2018;He et al 2015;Poma et al 2017bPoma et al , 2018Van Holderbeke et al 2014;Wang and Kannan 2018;Yang et al 2018). For these two groups of compounds, the contamination in the insects could have occurred during production [e.g., from the rearing substrate, from the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gloves used by workers during insect rearing and handling, etc.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…The EDI-estimation resulted similar for Europe and Asia and comparable with levels generally estimated for the same groups of compounds in common food of animal origin worldwide (Ding et al 2018;Giovanoulis et al 2018;Poma et al 2017bPoma et al , 2018Qian et al 2017;Wang et al , 2019Yang et al 2018). However, when making this comparison, it is important to consider that the estimated dietary intake can vary strongly among countries, likely due to differences in dietary habits of the population, number, and typology of food items included in the food categories as well as individual targeted compounds considered within a group of chemicals, etc.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Chemical Safety Of Edible Insectssupporting

confidence: 78%

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Occurrence of Selected Organic Contaminants in Edible Insects and Assessment of Their Chemical Safety

Poma

Yin

Tang

et al. 2019

Environ Health Perspect

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BACKGROUND: Feeding the continuously growing world population is challenging, and edible insects offer a sustainable alternative to conventional sources of animal proteins. As with any food source, the potential presence of hazardous organic chemicals, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), plasticizers and flame retardants (FRs), must be investigated to guarantee consumer chemical safety. OBJECTIVES: Here, we have investigated the contamination levels of several classes of organic compounds in edible insects. To evaluate their chemical safety, a dietary exposure risk assessment was then performed by combining the measured chemical contamination with the most recent food consumption data from local surveys. METHODS: Insect samples, belonging to six orders (Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Hymenoptera) were purchased from five European and three Asian countries. POPs and halogenated FRs were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and organophosphorus FRs and plasticizers were quantified by liquid chromatography-MS/MS, according to validated protocols. RESULTS: The overall levels of chemical contamination varied greatly among the insect orders and country of purchase, but they were generally low and comparable with other commonly consumed animal products. DISCUSSION: Here we show that, besides the activities during rearing, the industrial post-harvesting handling and addition of ingredients are supplementary factors influencing the chemical load of the final insect food-product. The total estimated dietary intakes of the considered classes of compounds through insect consumption are comparable with those generally assessed in common food of animal origin worldwide and, when compared with existing reference dose values, suggest that the risk of adverse health effects from exposure to the targeted organic compounds via insect consumption is unlikely.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Evaluation Of Chemical Safety Of Edible Insectssupporting

confidence: 78%

Occurrence of Selected Organic Contaminants in Edible Insects and Assessment of Their Chemical Safety

Poma

Yin

Tang

et al. 2019

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Few studies have estimated the relative contribution from dust to the total exposure of OPEs. Poma et al estimated that the intake of OPEs from dust in Swedish adults were in the same order of magnitude as the intake via the diet [162]. However, the relative contribution for different OPEs varied.…”

Section: Relative Contribution From Dust To the Total Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Brominated Flame Retardants and Organophosphate Esters in Preschool Dust and Children’s Hand Wipes

Larsson

Wit

Sellström

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Children spend a considerable part of their day in preschool, where they may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in indoor dust. In this study, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) were analyzed in preschool dust ( n = 100) and children's hand wipe samples ( n = 100), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) was analyzed in urine ( n = 113). Here we assessed children's exposure via dust, identified predictors for chemicals in dust, and studied correlations between different exposure measures. The most abundant BFRs in dust were decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) found at median levels of 270 and 110 ng/g dust, respectively. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was the most abundant OPE, found at a median level of 79 000 ng/g dust. For all OPEs and some BFRs, there were significant correlations between the levels in dust and hand wipes. In addition, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in preschool dust was significantly correlated with the corresponding metabolite DPHP in children's urine. The levels of pentaBDEs in dust were higher in older preschools compared with newer, whereas levels of DBDPE were higher in newer preschools. Children's estimated intakes of individual BFRs and OPEs via preschool dust were below available health-based reference values. However, there are uncertainties about the potential health effects of some emerging BFRs and OPEs.

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“…For volatile or semi-volatile PEFRs (e.g., TCEP, tris(1-chloro-2propyl) phosphate -TCIPP), air and suspended particles inhalation may be a significant intake pathway (Schreder et al, 2016;Xu et al, 2016;He et al, 2018c). Ingestion of contaminated food (e.g., by migration from plastic packaging) may contribute to oral intake of PEFRs, but its contribution appears to vary substantially between compounds, as well as between and within populations (Zhang et al, 2016;Zheng et al, 2016;Xu et al, 2017;Poma et al, 2017Poma et al, , 2018.…”

Section: Environmental Occurrence and Routes Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent biomonitoring reports on phosphate ester flame retardants: a short review

et al. 2018

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Organophosphate triesters (PEFRs) are used increasingly as flame retardants and plasticizers in a variety of applications, such as building materials, textiles, and electric and electronic equipment. They have been proposed as alternatives to brominated flame retardants. This updated review shows that biomonitoring has gained incrementally greater importance in evaluating human exposure to PEFRs, and it holds the advantage of taking into account the multiple potential sources and various intake pathways of PEFRs. Simultaneous and extensive internal exposure to a broad range of PEFRs have been reported worldwide. Their metabolites, mainly dialkyl or diaryl diesters, have been used as biomarkers of exposure and have been ubiquitously detected in the urine of adults and children in the general population. Concentrations and profiles of PEFR urinary metabolites are seen to be variable and are highly dependent on individual and environmental factors, including age, country regulation of flame retardants, and types and quantities of emissions in microenvironments, as well as analytical procedures. Additional large biomonitoring studies, using a broad range of urinary diesters and hydroxylated metabolites, would be useful to improve the validity of the biomarkers and to refine assessments of human exposure to PEFRs.

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Dietary intake of phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) using Swedish food market basket estimations

Cited by 161 publications

References 43 publications

Occurrence of Selected Organic Contaminants in Edible Insects and Assessment of Their Chemical Safety

Occurrence of Selected Organic Contaminants in Edible Insects and Assessment of Their Chemical Safety

Brominated Flame Retardants and Organophosphate Esters in Preschool Dust and Children’s Hand Wipes

Recent biomonitoring reports on phosphate ester flame retardants: a short review

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