Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health?

New, Susan A.; Robins, Simon P.; Campbell, Marion K; Martin, J. C.; Garton, Mark; Bolton‐Smith, Caroline; Grubb, David; Lee, Sue J.; Reid, David M.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.1.142

Cited by 430 publications

(273 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The epidemiological study from the Framingham cohort in elderly men and women, with cross-sectional and longitudinal components, showed positive effects of Mg and K, as part of a diet rich in fruit and vegetables on BMD (Tucker et al, 1999). Similarly, New et al were the first to show in their studies that nutrients rich in fruit and vegetables have beneficial effects on bone, probably due to the alkaline ash these foods create, confirming the hypothesis of the role of bone in acid -base balance regulation (New et al, 1997(New et al, , 2000. Our study, although much smaller and of a cross-sectional nature, is pointing in the same direction.…”

Section: Multiple Regression Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Bone and nutrition in elderly women: protein, energy, and calcium as main determinants of bone mineral density

2003

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Objective: Nutrition is an important factor in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Our goal was to examine the relationship between various nutrients and bone mass of several skeletal sites in elderly women, taking into account possible confounding variables. Design/methods: A cross-sectional study in 136 healthy Caucasian, postmenopausal women, free of medications known to affect bone was carried out. Bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition (lean and fat tissue) were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry using specialized software for different skeletal sites. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D, 25(OH)D, as possible confounders, were determined in serum samples. Dietary intake, including all supplements, was assessed by 3-day dietary record and analyzed using Food Processor 1 . Past physical activity and present walking were examined as well and accounted for as potential confounders. Simple and multiple regression models were created to assess the relationships between nutrients and BMD. To examine the co-linear variables and their possible independent association with bone, subgroup analyses were performed. Results: Showed independent influence of calcium, energy, and protein, examined separately and in multiple regression models on BMD of several skeletal sites. Magnesium, zinc and vitamin C were significantly related to BMD of several skeletal sites in multiple regression models (controlled for age, fat and lean tissue, physical activity and energy intake), each contributing more than 1% of variance. Serum PTH and 25(OH)D did not show significant association with bone mass. Conclusions: Despite the cross-sectional nature of our study we were able to show a significant relationship between BMD and several critical nutrients: energy, protein, calcium, magnesium, zinc and vitamin C. The exact involvement of these nutrients and their clinical significance in bone health need to be further elucidated in humans and conclusions about the effects of a single nutrient on bone mass must be given cautiously, taking into account its interaction and co-linearity with others. Understanding relationships among nutrients, not just limited to calcium and vitamin D, but others that have not been investigated to such extent, is an important step toward identifying preventive measures for bone loss and prevention of osteoporosis.

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Section: Multiple Regression Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Bone and nutrition in elderly women: protein, energy, and calcium as main determinants of bone mineral density

2003

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“…Some observational studies report that fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with increased bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Nitrates, present in high concentrations in leafy green and root vegetables, may serve as a dietary component that supports bone health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing dietary nitrate has no effect on cancellous bone loss or fecal microbiome in ovariectomized rats

Conley

Roberts

Sharpton

et al. 2017

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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ScopeStudies suggest diets rich in fruit and vegetables reduce bone loss, although the specific compounds responsible are unknown. Substrates for endogenous nitric oxide (NO) production, including organic nitrates and dietary nitrate, may support NO production in age‐related conditions, including osteoporosis. We investigated the capability of dietary nitrate to improve NO bioavailability, reduce bone turnover and loss.Methods and resultsSix‐month‐old Sprague Dawley rats [30 ovariectomized (OVX) and 10 sham‐operated (sham)] were randomized into three groups: (i) vehicle (water) control, (ii) low‐dose nitrate (LDN, 0.1 mmol nitrate/kg bw/day), or (iii) high‐dose nitrate (HDN, 1.0 mmol nitrate/kg bw/day) for three weeks. The sham received vehicle. Serum bone turnover markers; bone mass, mineral density, and quality; histomorphometric parameters; and fecal microbiome were examined. Three weeks of LDN or HDN improved NO bioavailability in a dose‐dependent manner. OVX resulted in cancellous bone loss, increased bone turnover, and fecal microbiome changes. OVX increased relative abundances of Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroideceae and Alcaligenaceae. Nitrate did not affect the skeleton or fecal microbiome.ConclusionThese data indicate that OVX affects the fecal microbiome and that the gut microbiome is associated with bone mass. Three weeks of nitrate supplementation does not slow bone loss or alter the fecal microbiome in OVX.

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“…(2) Poor nutrition is likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease, and in the last decade, a number of population-based studies have demonstrated a beneficial effect of fruit and vegetables on indices of bone health. (3)(4)(5)(6)(7) There could be several mechanisms by which fruit and vegetables act on bone, either via some pharmacologically active compound found within them or by the base buffering of excess dietary metabolic acids. A recent 2-year randomized, controlled trial found that supplementation with potassium citrate or three additional portions of fruit and vegetables a day did not reduce bone turnover or increase BMD, suggesting that any long-term benefits of fruit and vegetable intake on bone are not due to the provision of alkaline salts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between dietary flavonoid intakes and bone health in a scottish population

Hardcastle

Aucott

Reid

et al. 2010

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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102

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Flavonoids are bioactive polyphenols found particularly in fruit and vegetables, but little is known about their role in bone health in humans. The aim of this observational study was to investigate whether dietary flavonoid intake was associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and bone resorption in a large group of perimenopausal Scottish women. Over 3000 women completed a food frequency questionnaire as part of an osteoporosis screening study. The diets were analyzed for flavonoid intake using a food composition database. BMD was measured at the femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Free pyridinoline (PYD) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in second early morning fasted urine samples. The mean flavonoid intake of the diet was 307 AE199 mg/d. The catechin family contributed the most to flavonoid intakes (55%), and the flavones the least (<1%). Associations were found between energy-adjusted total flavonoid intakes and BMD at the FN and LS (FN r ¼ 0.054, LS r ¼ 0.036, p .05). Annual percent change in BMD was associated with intakes of procyanidins and catechins ( p .05), and flavanones were negatively associated with bone-resorption markers (PYD r ¼ À0.049, DPD r ¼ -0.057, p .001). These associations were still seen after adjusting for confounders. It is concluded that dietary flavonoid intakes are associated with BMD, supporting the evidence from animal and cellular studies. ß

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Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health?

Abstract: The BMD results confirm our previous work (but at peripheral bone mass sites), and our findings associating bone resorption with dietary factors provide further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health.

Cited by 430 publications

References 31 publications

Bone and nutrition in elderly women: protein, energy, and calcium as main determinants of bone mineral density

Bone and nutrition in elderly women: protein, energy, and calcium as main determinants of bone mineral density

Increasing dietary nitrate has no effect on cancellous bone loss or fecal microbiome in ovariectomized rats

Associations between dietary flavonoid intakes and bone health in a scottish population

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