Dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular risk and mortality

Abstract

Background: The role of dietary inflammatory index (DII) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and mortality is still controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies aimed to evaluate the effect of DII, indicating a pro-inflammatory diet, on the incidence and mortality of CVD. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of articles published through August 2019 was performed in Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science. The pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for highest vs lowest DII in relation to CVD risk or mortality were estimated using a DerSimonian and Laird random effects model. The heterogeneity among studies was tested using Cochran's Q test and I 2 statistic. Results: A total of 15 cohort studies were finally included in this meta-analysis. The highest DII score was significantly associated with a higher risk of CVD incidence (RR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.12–1.78) or mortality (RR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.19–1.44), compared with the lowest DII score. There was statistically significant heterogeneity among the studies on the association between DII and CVD mortality (P < .001; I 2 = 70.8%). No obvious heterogeneity was observed among the studies on the association between DII and CVD risk (P = .160; I 2 = 37.0%). In the sensitivity analysis, exclusion of any single study did not materially alter the pooled RRs. Conclusion: The present systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that a higher DII score is related to a higher risk of CVD. Further well-designed prospective cohort or trials are warranted to validate our preliminary findings.

Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index, Dietary Patterns, Plant-Based Dietary Index and the Risk of Obesity

“…Several studies have assessed the relationship between the inflammatory potential of diet and overweight or obesity. A higher DII score, indicating a more pro-inflammatory diet, has been associated with a higher BMI, waist circumference, waist-height ratio, and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer [ 15 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. A cross-sectional study, in the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais, also displayed an increased prevalence of obesity with a higher DII score [ 31 ].…”

Association Between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis

“…DII represents a unique biological mechanism underlying the diet–mental health link over other diet indices by capturing the inflammatory effect of diet. In addition, previous studies have demonstrated the predictive value of DII in chronic inflammatory disease, including obesity ( 44 ), cardiovascular disease ( 45 ), metabolic syndrome ( 46 ), and various types of cancers ( 47 ). All findings mentioned above indicate that the DII may potentially serve to be prevention targets of mental health disorders.…”

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies

“…Table 1 shows the 35 independent meta-analyses, which included 261 primary studies in 16 articles ( 9 , 24 – 38 ). These 16 articles were published between 2018 and 2020.…”

“…Twenty-nine publications were excluded after full-text screening for different reasons (Figure 1 and Supplementary Table 2). The final selection yielded 16 articles to be included for analysis (9,(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38).…”

“…Therefore, the DII offers a valid and readily comparable method for evaluating individuals' dietary inflammatory potential according to the pro- and anti-inflammatory aspects of the overall diet ( 7 ). In recent years, the role of DII in relation to non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) ( 8 , 9 ), metabolic syndrome ( 10 ), and various types of cancer ( 11 ), has been examined in the epidemiological literature. According to the consensus, higher DII scores are deleterious to health.…”