Dietary energy density increases during early childhood irrespective of familial predisposition to obesity: results from a prospective cohort study

Kral, Tanja V.E.; Berkowitz, Robert I.; Stunkard, A. J.; Stallings, Virginia A.; Brown, Danielle D.; Faith, Myles S.

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803551

Cited by 26 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Recently, it was shown that the ED of the self-selected diet of children increased over time without differences between children born at different risks for obesity, reached its peak during adolescence (50) and then declined during adulthood. This finding suggests that dietary ED may be a dietary trait more environmentally than genetically influenced (51).…”

Section: Energy Densitymentioning

confidence: 85%

Determinants of children’s eating behavior

Scaglioni¹,

Arrizza²,

Vecchi³

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

278

235

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Parents have a high degree of control over the environments and experiences of their children. Food preferences are shaped by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. This article is a review of current data on effective determinants of children's eating habits. The development of children's food preferences involves a complex interplay of genetic, familial, and environmental factors. There is evidence of a strong genetic influence on appetite traits in children, but environment plays an important role in modeling children's eating behaviors. Parents use a variety of strategies to influence children's eating habits, some of which are counterproductive. Overcontrol, restriction, pressure to eat, and a promise of rewards have negative effects on children's food acceptance. Parents' food preferences and eating behaviors provide an opportunity to model good eating habits. Satiety is closely related to diet composition, and foods with low energy density contribute to prevent overeating. Parents should be informed about the consequences of an unhealthy diet and lifestyle and motivated to change their nutritional habits. Parents should be the target of prevention programs because children model themselves on their parents' eating behaviors, lifestyles, eating-related attitudes, and dissatisfaction regarding body image. Pediatricians can have an important role in the prevention of diet-related diseases. Informed and motivated parents can become a model for children by offering a healthy, high-satiety, low-energy-dense diet and promoting self-regulation from the first years of life.

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Section: Energy Densitymentioning

confidence: 85%

Determinants of children’s eating behavior

Scaglioni¹,

Arrizza²,

Vecchi³

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

278

235

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These data are displayed for descriptive purposes only. A detailed discussion of these results can be found in a previously published paper by Kral et al (37) that investigated the changes in dietary energy density in children in this cohort over time. Relation between daily food intake and energy density and between daily energy intake and energy density…”

Section: Daily Food Intake Energy Intake and Energy Densitymentioning

confidence: 94%

“…All dietary outcome measures were averaged across the total number of days of completed records included in the analyses. A detailed description of the children's daily energy density and daily energy intake is provided elsewhere (37).…”

Section: Dietary Outcome Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily food intake in relation to dietary energy density in the free-living environment: a prospective analysis of children born at different risk of obesity

Kral

Stunkard

Berkowitz

et al. 2007

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Young children adjust their short-term intake in response to variations in energy density (ED; kcal/g) from preloads in laboratory studies. It remains unknown whether this compensation also occurs under free-living conditions. Objective: The aims of the study were to test whether children aged 3-6 y regulate their habitual daily food (g) and energy (kcal) intakes in relation to ED and whether compensation differs for children born at different risk of obesity. Design: Participants were children born at high risk (n ҃ 22) or low risk (n ҃ 27) of obesity on the basis of maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ). Daily ED, food intake, and energy intake were assessed from 3-d food records that either included or excluded beverages. Intake regulation was explored by relating children's daily food and energy intakes to ED and, more importantly, by examining residual scores derived by regressing daily food intake on ED. Results: For both risk groups, daily food intake was inversely correlated with ED (P 0.05), whereas daily energy intake was not significantly correlated with ED at most ages (P 0.05). In analyses that excluded beverages, mean residual scores significantly increased from 3 to 6 y of age in high-risk children, which indicates relative overconsumption, but decreased in low-risk children, which indicates relative underconsumption (risk group ҂ time interaction, P ҃ 0.005). Conclusions: Children adjusted their daily food intake in relation to ED, which suggests caloric compensation under free-living conditions. Compensation ability may deteriorate with age in a manner that favors relative food overconsumption among obesity-prone children.Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:41-7.

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“…In accordance, the WHO recommends reducing dietary energy density and increasing fiber intake in order to prevent and treat overweight [2]. However, so far only few studies [3][4][5][6][7] have examined the association between energy density and weight gain, and only a few of them have investigated children and adolescents in a prospective study design [6][7][8]. Short-term studies demonstrate that energy density influences energy intake [4,[9][10][11], but longterm effects of energy density and health outcomes are largely unexamined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber Intake, Not Dietary Energy Density, Is Associated with Subsequent Change in BMI z-Score among Sub-Groups of Children

Kring¹,

Heitmann²

2008

Obes Facts

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Objective: Results from short-term studies demonstrate that energy density influences energy intake, but in children and adolescents the long-term effects of energy density and obesity development are sparse. We examined the longitudinal relationship between dietary energy density, fiber intake, and body weight change over 3 years among Danish children. Methods: Multiple regression analyses were performed using anthropometric and dietary data of 398 boys and girls (8–10 years) who were enrolled in 1997/1998 and followed up in 2000/2001. Validated 24-hour recall interviews were conducted in order to collect dietary energy intake. Overweight was defined as 1.05 SD, equivalent to the 85th percentile, of age- and sex-specific BMI z-score reference values. Results: An inverse association between fiber intake and subsequent excess weight gain was observed among the normal weight boys. In overweight boys, there was a direct association with excess weight gain. A high energy intake was associated with a higher weight gain among overweight than among normal-weight boys. No significant association between dietary energy density and subsequent excess weight change was seen. The prevalence of overweight increased from 27.1 to 29.9%. Mean Δz-score was +0.1 and +0.4 for boys and girls, respectively. Conclusion: Dietary energy density was not associated with 3-year weight gain in boys and girls. Only energy and fiber intakes were related to weight gain, but in different ways for subgroups of normal-weight and overweight boys.

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Dietary energy density increases during early childhood irrespective of familial predisposition to obesity: results from a prospective cohort study

Cited by 26 publications

References 35 publications

Determinants of children’s eating behavior

Determinants of children’s eating behavior

Daily food intake in relation to dietary energy density in the free-living environment: a prospective analysis of children born at different risk of obesity

Fiber Intake, Not Dietary Energy Density, Is Associated with Subsequent Change in BMI z-Score among Sub-Groups of Children

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