“…4,5 This effect can be observed on a number of outcomes, including shortening of inter-episodic interval, persistence of subsyndromal symptoms, cognitive deficits, higher number of hospitalizations, emergence of medical and psychiatric comorbidities, increased suicide risk, worse social adjustment, and poor quality of life. [6][7][8][9][10] Moreover, treatment response also appears to change as a function of episode frequency, as both pharmacological agents (e.g., lithium, olanzapine) and psychosocial interventions (e.g., psychoeducation, cognitive-behavioral therapy) seem less effective in multiepisodic BD. 11,12 The clinical progression described above is hypothesized to be subserved by neurobiological changes, the so-called neuroprogression.…”